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How to Grow Winter Canola “It All Starts With The Seed” © 2009 OSU Canola in the Classroom
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Canola Growth and Development Divided into easily recognizable growth stages. Length of each growth state is influenced by temperature, moisture, light, nutrition, and variety. The growing point of winter canola is above the soil.
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Canola Growth Stages Seedling Rosette Bolting Flowering Maturation Ripening
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Seedling/Cotyledon Emerges 4-10 days after planting Growing point above the ground True leaves visible 4 -8 days after emergence Seedbed conditions more critical than wheat
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Rosette Larger, older leaves at the base, smaller, newer leaves at the center Most tolerant to freeze damage at this stage 5 -8 true leaves and 6”-8” fall growth to increase winter survival Overwinters in this growth stage Stem length remains unchanged but thickens
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Bolting Growth resumes in late winter/early spring (Feb/Mar) Bolting does not occur until after 700 to 800 hours of chilling temperature. Vegetative rest ends when temperatures are steadily greater than 41 ℉ Stem elongates and flower parts become visible at the center of the rosette Reaches 30-60% of total height before flowering
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Flowering Buds at the base of the stem open first 3-5 flowers open per day Flowers 2-4 weeks Only half the flowers turn into productive pods
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Ripening Characterized by plant color changes Stems and pods turn yellow and brittle Seed coat turns from green to brown Seed moisture is lost at 2-3% per day Ripe when the pods are dry and rattle when shaken Plant dies when seeds in all pods are mature
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Field Site Selection Medium-textured, well drained soils Cannot tolerate water logged conditions Soil pH between 6.0 and 7.0 Consideration of past herbicide applications http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYSzn UDCzy0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYSzn UDCzy0
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Seed Varieties Most important factor is winter survival Other factors include: oil quality, seed yield, shattering, and disease resistance Never plant seeds without seed treatment Several Roundup Ready varieties Wichita, Sumner and DeKalb 47-15 most common varieties to the region
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Seeding Date Plant late August to early October Plant six weeks prior to the first killing frost for the area (25 ℉ ) Planting too early or two late will decrease winter survival If winter canola cannot be planted by Oct. 1, plant small grains instead
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Seeding Rate, Depth and Row Spacing Seeding rate of 5 pounds per acre Harvest rate of 4-10 plants per acre is ideal Do not just plow under poor stand in spring, plant will develop additional branches and fill in spacing Reduce seeding rate by 1 pound/acre for each week before optimum planting and increase 1 pound/acre for each week beyond optimum planting. Best germination and emergence occur at seeding depths of ½” to 1” 6”-15” row spacing is acceptable
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Fertilizer Application Test soil prior to seedbed establishment (N,P,K,S) 25% more N (90-150 pounds/acre) than wheat Twice as much S required as wheat Only 1/3 of N applied in August before planting Other 2/3 applied in Jan/Feb prior to dormancy break
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Weeds, Insects, and Disease Dense growth of leaves usually makes the crop a strong competitor against weeds Herbicides currently labeled for weed control in winter canola include Treflan, Stinger Select, Assure II, and Roundup Ultra Max II on Roundup Ready winter canola varieties. Diseases can attack canola at any stage of development Soil borne, seed borne, or airborne Blackleg, Sclerotinia stem rot, powdery mildew, Alternaria black spot, and aster yellows Fungicides include Abound, Curalan, Ronilan, Quadris, Endura, M-Pede, and Trilogy.
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Weeds, Insects and Disease Cont. Winter canola production in the region has been limited, these pests have not posed a large threat or problem. Starting in November and continuing through harvest, scouting should be done on the field to identify insect infestations Flea beetles, cabbage seedpod weevils, cabbage worms, alfalfa looper, diamond moth larvae, and aphids Insecticides include Helix (seed treatment), Capture, Warrior T, Confirm, methyl and ethyl parathion as well as several others.
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Harvesting Harvest early June through July Winter canola is either swathed and then combined or combined directly Should be harvested immediately when ripe to avoid shattering Plug any holes in the combine and truck to prevent seed loss
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