1. AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism
CHAPTER 24.3 – PAGES CHAPTER 25 – PAGES CHAPTER 28.2 – PAGES

2. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Agricultural Revolution:
Wealthy bought more land  experimentation
Results:
Tried new agricultural methods
Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or give up farming & move to cities
Ex: Jethro Tull invented seed drill
Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

4. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Crop Rotation:
Improved medieval 3-field system
Ex:
Year 1: Wheat (exhausted soil nutrients)
Year 2: Root crop like turnips (restore nutrients)
Year 3: Barley
Year 4: Clover

5. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Natural Resources:
Water power & coal – fuel machines
Iron ore – construct machines, tools, buildings
Rivers – inland transportation
Harbors – merchant ships set sail

6. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Economic Expansion:
Investment in new inventions
Highly developed banking system
Growing trade, economic prosperity, climate of progress  increased demand for goods

7. Industrialization in England Contributing Factors:
Why Britain?:
Political Stability:
No wars on British soil
Positive attitude
Laws to encourage business
Britain had factors of production (land, labor, and capital)

8. Industrialization in England Process:
Transportation:
James Watt – improved steam engine
Robert Fulton – put steam engine in steamboat
England – canals built – slashed cost of transporting goods
Improved roads where wagons would not sink when it rained
Steam-powered locomotives

9. Industrialization in England Process:
Rise of Cities:
Growth of factory system  city building and people shift toward cities (urbanization)
Built near sources of energy (coal & water)
London most important

10. Industrialization in England Process:
Living & Working Conditions:
No development plans, sanitary & building codes
Lacked housing, education
Sickness widespread
Avg. worker = 14 hrs/day, 6 days/wk
Factories not clean or safe – no aid in case of injury
Coal mines most dangerous – children and women employed here b/c they were cheap

12. Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
Natural Resources:
Obstacle = political disunity
Coal-rich Ruhr Valley
Led to importation of British equipment, engineers
Sent children to England to learn industrial management

13. Industrialization in Germany Contributing Factors:
Railroads:
Built linking manufacturing cities to Ruhr Valley

14. Industrialization in Germany Process:
Transportation:
See above
Economy & Military:
Economic strength spurred ability to become military power

15. Industrialization in Japan Contributing Factors
Meiji Reform:
Meiji = “enlightened rule”
Mutsuhito – symbolized pride & nationalism
Took over gov’t after Tokugawa shogun stepped down

16. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Transportation:
Followed industrialization
Early 1900s = modern economy
Built railroads

17. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Westernization:
To counter western influence = modernize
Diplomats sent to Europe, N. America to study Western ways
Chose best & adapted
Modernized military

18. Industrialization in Japan Process:
Modernization:
Coal production grew
Built thousands of factories
Expanded unique production (tea & silk)
Shipbuilding to be competitive with west

19. Industrialization Working Conditions:
Industry created many new jobs
Factories were dirty, unsafe, dangerous
Factory bosses exercised harsh discipline
Long-Term Effect:
Workers won ↑ wages, shorter hours, better conditions

20. Industrialization Social Classes:
Factory workers – overworked, underpaid
Overseers & skilled workers rose to lower middle class. Factory owners & merchants formed upper middle class.
Upper middle class resented those in middle class who became wealthier than they were.
Long-Term Effect:
Standard of living rose

21. Industrialization Size of Cities:
Factories brought job seekers to cities
Urban areas doubled, tripled, or quadrupled in size
Many cities specialized in certain industries
Long-Term Effect:
Suburbs grew as people fled crowded cities

22. Industrialization Living Conditions:
Cities lacked sanitary codes or building controls
Housing, water, & social services were scarce
Epidemics swept through the city
Long-Term Effect:
Housing, diet, & clothing improved

23. Impact of Industrialization Rise of Global Inequality:
Widened wealth gap b/w industrialized & non-industrialized countries
Industrialized saw poor countries as markets for manufacturing products
Began seizing colonies for economic resources  imperialism

24. Impact of Industrialization Transformation of Society:
Industrialization = tremendous economic power
Population, health, wealth rose dramatically in all industrialized countries
Development of middle class – education & democratic participation  social reform

25. Important Writings Adam Smith:
Basic Ideas:
Economic liberty guaranteed economic progress
Government need not interfere in the economy
Wrote “Wealth of Nations”

26. Important Writings Karl Marx:
Predicted destruction of the capitalist system & creation of a classless communist state in which the means of production would be owned by the people
Wrote “Communist Manifesto”

27. Impact of Urbanization on Women Mixed Blessing:
Good: Factory work = higher wages than work done at home
Bad: Women usually made 1/3 the amount men made

28. Impact of Urbanization on Women Reform Movements:
Women formed unions in women-dominated fields
Served as safety inspectors in women-dominated factories

29. Impact of Urbanization on Women Jane Adams:
Ran a settlement house to provide social services to residents of a poor neighborhood