1. Chapter 1 Structure of matter Chapter 2 Nuclear transformation

2. The nucleus A the mass number (Nproton+ Nneutron)
Z the atomic number (Nproton )
isotope same Nproton, different Nneutron
isotone same Nneutron, different Nproton
isobar same (Nneutron+ Nproton), different Nproton
isomer  same Nproton, same Nproton,
different nuclear energy state

3. Charts of isotopes
Z=N
Isotone
Isotope
Isobar

4. Atomic mass and energy units
1 amu = mass of =1.6610-27 kg
1 eV =1 V1.602 10-19 C =1.602 10-19 J
Einstein’s principle of equivalence of mass and energy

5. Decay constant ()

6. Activity
1 Ci =3.71010 disintegrations/sec
=3.71010 dps
=3.71010 Bq

7. The half-life (T1/2) & the mean life (T)

8. Radioactive equilibrium

9. Transient equilibrium
T1>T2 (1<2)
Transient equilibrium
time
activity

10. Secular equilibrium T1>>T2 (1<<2) A2 = A1 activity
time
activity

11.  particle decay Q = the disintegration energy
= the difference in mass between the parent
nucleus and product nuclei
E   510 MeV (discrete energy)

12. Negatron(-) emission
An excessive number of neutrons or a high neutron-to-proton (n/p) ratio
anti-neutrino
Q = the difference in mass between and the
sum of the masses of and the particles
emitted.

13. Positron(+) emission
A deficit of neutrons or a low n/p ratio
neutrino
Annihilation
0.511 MeV photon +
positron 
free electron

14. The -ray spectrum
The average energy of the  particles is approximately Emax/3.

15. Electron capture
The unstable nuclei with neutron deficiency may increase their n/p ratio by EC.
An alternative process to the positron decay
K capture characteristic x-rays
(L or M capture) Auger electrons

16. Characteristic radiation
An empty hole in a shell is filled by electron from outer shell with an emission of characteristic radiation.
discrete energy
h=EK - EL
hole K L M

17. Auger Electrons
The absorption of characteristic x-rays by orbital electrons and reemission of the energy in the form of monoenergetic electrons
discrete energy
E=h-EM=EK – EL-EM K L M
hole

18. Nuclear reactions (1) The , p reaction The , n reaction
Threshold energy
AX (, p) A+3Y
The , n reaction
Proton bombardment
Deuteron bombardment

19. Nuclear reactions (2) Neutron bombardment Photon disintegration
Neutron, no electric charge
effective in penetrating the nuclei and producing nuclear reactions
n,  reaction
Photon disintegration
Fission
Chain reaction
Fusion

20. Activation of nuclides
The yield of a nuclear reaction
The number of bombarding particles
The number of target nuclei
The probability of the occurrence
Cross-section
1 barn = cm2
The growth of activity
Saturation activity

21. Thank you for your attention!