1. WARM-UP: IF YOU COULD NAME A CITY, WHAT WOULD YOU NAME IT? (PLEASE KEEP YOUR NAMES RATED G! ) Ms. Culp – World Geography October 29, 2012

2. WARM-UP: NAME TWO RESPONSIBILITIES OF A KNIGHT. Ms. Culp – World History October 29, 2012

3. This Week… Tomorrow – Early Release  Go to all classes (1-7)  Released at 1:30 Wednesday/Thursday – Review and TEST Friday - CBQ

4. The Middle Ages Review:  The Church held a lot of social and political power.  Most people in the Middle Ages were very religious.  The social structure of the Middle Ages mirrored that of the Church and many social roles, like that of women, were molded by Church values.

5. The Crusades Pilgrims & Pilgrimages Due to the religious nature of the people of the Middle Ages, many of them became PILGRIMS.  Pilgrims are people who journey long distances to holy lands and in hope of spiritual growth In order to gain entrance to Heaven and to increase their spirituality, the pilgrims took PILGRIMAGES – religious journeys – to the Holy Land.  The Holy Land is the sacred land where many of the events of the Bible are said to have taken place.  The Holy Land is shared by Christians, Muslims and Jews, which leads to much conflict throughout history.  These pilgrimages were thousands of miles long and were very dangerous – roadside robbers, disease, death

6. The Crusades There were 10 CRUSADES – holy wars -, including the Children’s Crusade. Pope Urban II called for the first Crusade in an attempt to push Muslim invaders out of the Holy Land.  In 1093, the Byzantine Emperor called upon Pope Urban II to help wage war against Seljuk Turks who had taken control of the Holy Land and pushed out and killed the Christian pilgrims who were living there. Christians across Europe united under a flag of a red cross to invade the Holy Lands and take them back for Christianity.

7. The Crusades The Crusades had economic and religious motives.  Lords and Knights paid a lot of money to the Church to finance the Crusades.  In 1096, approximately 60,000 Knights signed up to fight. Many lords also saw the Crusades as an opportunity to rid themselves of troublesome Knights. Merchants and traders also benefitted greatly by the Crusades.  Ships had to be leased, supplies were purchased and traded for.

8. The Crusades The first Crusades began without much success as the Crusaders were ill-equipped for the geography and climate of the Holy Land.  They also had a lack of organized leadership and many Crusaders were left to their own devices.

9. The Crusades Crusade I & II Crusade I: In 1099, 12,000 (less than ¼ of the original #s) troops arrived in Jerusalem and took the city.  Christians then controlled a narrow strip of land, which they divided into 4 states.  The area was prone to Muslim counterattack. Crusade II: In 1144, the Crusaders lost control of Jerusalem

10. The Crusades Crusades III & IV Crusade III: Fight to recapture Jerusalem was led by Europe’s 3 most powerful leaders:  France – Phillip Augustus – argued with Richard  Germany – Barbarossa – died on the journey  England – Richard the Lion-Hearted – led the Crusade solo  A truce was declared in 1192 and Jerusalem remained Muslim, though Christian pilgrims would be allowed to visit unharmed. Crusade IV: Began in 1198 by Pope Innocent III and ended in 1204 with the looting of Constantinople and a permanent division between the Church in Rome and the Church in Byzantium

11. Later Crusades In the 1200’s, Crusades became very popular and less and less successful.  The religious spirit had been lost and people joined mostly for personal gain. Some Crusades veered from the Holy Land to north Africa to conquer land for Christian Europe.

12. The Crusades Check out the map on pg. 344 of the textbook!

13. The Children’s Crusade A spontaneous movement of children and teenagers in France and Germany sprung up in 1212. The children thought that they could succeed where the adults had not because of the innocence and sinless-ness of children in God’s eyes. Thousands of children participated in these movements.  The German movement was said to have been led by a youth named Nicholas.  It is suspected that this movement was mere myth.  The French movement by a youth named Stephen.  7 ships took the children from the shore and they were not heard from again for over 18 years.

14. Effects of the Crusades New Ideas and Products:  Europe was exposed to new ideas and foreign products.  The use of zero in mathematics  Silk, rice, spices, coffee, perfume, cotton, raisins and glass mirrors Increased Trade:  The demand for foreign products like sugar, lemons, spices and rugs, grew and led to trade with the Middle East. Growth of Intolerance:  The Crusades led to the Christian persecution of Jews and Muslims  Also, the Muslim persecution of Christians.  Much of this is still present and prevalent today!

15. The Crusades A short video to help sum up and add some extra fun facts… Crash Course: The Crusades

16. Quiz You may use your notes - NO BOOKS & NO TALKING!  Talking will result in this becoming a test grade. 1. What year was Crusade I? 2. Name the three leaders who tried to lead Crusade III? 3. List how each of the answers in #2 fared. 4. What is a Pilgrim? 5. Name two effects of the Crusades.