1. Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia Chapter 7

3. Sunnis & Shiites Sunnis (Abu Bakr) Believed the caliph was primarily a leader and any devout Muslim could serve in the office with the acceptance of the people 90% of Muslims today are Sunnis. Shiites (Ali) Believed the caliph was primarily a religious authority and should be held only by the descendants of Muhammad. 10% of Muslims today are Shiites (most are in Iran, Iraq, & Lebanon)

4. Imperial Extravagance Decline of the Abassid Empire Harun al-Rashid, became one of the most famous Abbasid caliphs. The luxury and intrigues of his court were immortalized in The Thousand and One Nights. The young ruler became dependent on Persian advisors.

5. Imperial Breakdown The continual civil violence drained the imperial treasury. Caliphs increased the strain by constructing costly new imperial centers. Peasants had imposing tax burdens.

6. The Declining Position of Women

7. The Crusades West European Christian knights in 1096 invaded Muslim territory to capture the biblical Holy Land. They established small, rival kingdoms. Most were recaptured near the close of the 12 th century by Muslims reunited under Saladin. The last fell in 1291.

9. Islamic Achievements Medicine = developed medicine as a field of study/ Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia, Canon of Medicine, it showed how diseases could spread History = Ibn Khaldun proposed cyclical history, cause & effect, wrote Muqaddimah- Intro to History Literature = Quran was main book/ Omar Khayyam wrote Rubaiyat/ Arabian Nights (1001 Nights) collection of folktales & fables that were first told orally & then written down over many years Art/Architecture = blends together Arabic, Turkish, & Persian traditions

10. Islamic Achievements Al-Ma’mun’s House of Wisdom = Baghdad, Arab scholars translated Greek works by Plato, Aristotle, etc./ Mathematics texts were included Ibn-Rushd = scholar, wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s works Math = created algebra & passed on India’s numbering system known as “Arabic” in Europe Science = perfected astrolabe-used by sailors to determine location by looking at position of planets & stars/ observatory in Baghdad where scientists studied and named many stars