1. Detector Research & Development RECFA, NIKHEF, Amsterdam. Sept 23, 2005 Harry van der Graaf, NIKHEF, Amsterdam

2. MediPix General Purpose CMOS Pixel chip GridPix Micropattern/pixel readout of gas-filled detectors TPC for ILC Vertex detecor for ILC & (S)LHC New semiconductors: diamond, SiC IC technology X-ray imaging XFEL ESRF 100 m RASNIK alignment ILC CLIC

3. Medipix2: Hybrid Pixels Schematic of a hybrid pixel detector MediPix chip 14 x 14 mm 2 sensitive area periphery approved Eureka proposal

4. Some Images mm 28 mm Flies @ 10 keV Leaf @ 5.9 keV Tungsten source 55 Fe source 14 14 mm

5. Tiling High-bandwidth communication X-ray imaging (100 x 100 mm2) XFEL in Hamburg Industrial collaboration

6. MediPix General Purpose CMOS Pixel chip GridPix Micropattern/pixel readout of gas-filled detectors TPC for ILC Vertex detecor for ILC & (S)LHC New semiconductors: diamond, SiC IC technology X-ray imaging XFEL ESRF 100 m RASNIK alignment ILC CLIC

7. CVD diamond properties produced by Chemical Vapour Deposition in an organic plasma discharge polycrystalline wafer, generally 0.5 - 1 mm thick detector substrates up to 2 x 4 cm 2 typical value of bias field: 1 V/µm leakage current  50 pA/cm 2 columnar structure

8. Application as a detector

9. Radiation damage of CVD Diamond Example: pion irradiation until 10 15 cm -2 General decrease of the mean charge signal caused by the formation of additional traps (interstitials and vacancies)

10. CVD diamond: results CVD diamond suffers from a certain degree of radiation damage but narrowing of the distribution curve makes the decrease of the 98% threshold less severe. At cluster threshold of 1500 e- efficiencies >98% can be obtained, even after 10 15 charged hadrons The charge signal distribution curve of a CVD diamond sample is accurately described by only two parameters: mean charge signal and width of the distribution Radiation hardness of CVD diamond as a tracker is sufficient for 10 year of operation at R = 7 cm at the LHC.

11. New detector material: Si C Charge collection with  particles: neutron irradiated samples CREE 5   n/cm 2 

12. MediPix General Purpose CMOS Pixel chip GridPix Micropattern/pixel readout of gas-filled detectors TPC for ILC Vertex detecor for ILC & (S)LHC New semiconductors: diamond, SiC IC technology X-ray imaging XFEL ESRF 100 m RASNIK alignment ILC CLIC

13. 1906: Geiger tube gaseous detector ionisation: primary electrons (central) anode wire electron multiplication

14. Geiger-Müller tube Proportional tube Multi Wire Proportional Chamber Drift Chamber Time Projection Chamber 1988: Micro Strip Gas Counter (MSGC): Oed 1995 Micromegas (Charpak & Giomataris) 1996 GEM (F. Sauli)

15. Micro Patterned Gaseous Detectors High field created by Gas Gain Grids Most popular: GEM & Micromegas improved granularity : wire chambers react on COG of many electron clouds/clusters GEM Micromegas

16. Time Projection Chamber (TPC): 2D/3D Drift Chamber The Ultimate Wire (drift) Chamber E-field (and B-field) Wire Plane + Readout Pads track of charged particle Wire plane Pad plane

17. Problem With wires: measure charge distribution over cathode pads: c.o.g. is a good measure for track position; With GEMs or Micromegas: narrow charge distribution (only electron movement) wire avalanche Cathode pads GEM Micromegas Solutions:- cover pads with resisitive layer - ‘Chevron’ pads - many small pads: pixels!

18. MediPix2 pixel sensor Brass spacer block Printed circuit board Aluminum base plate Micromegas Cathode (drift) plane 55 Fe Baseplate Drift space: 15 mm Very strong E-field above (CMOS) MediPix! MediPix2 & Micromegas: apply the ‘naked’ MediPix2 chip without X-ray convertor!

20. He/Isobutane 80/20 Modified MediPix δ-ray! Efficiency for detecting single electrons: < 95 % 14 mm GridPix: the electronic bubble chamber

21. Integrate GEM/Micromegas and pixel sensor: InGrid ‘GEM’ ‘Micromegas’ ‘wafer post processing’ by Univ. of Twente, MESA+ approved VICI proposal ‘there is plenty of room at the top’

22. Processing InGrids Strips Litho. 50 µm SU8UV Exposure 0.8 µm Al Holes Litho. Development Suspended membrane 50 µm above the wafer

23. Prototypes 19 different fields of 15 mm Ø 2 bonding pads / fields Square / Walls Square / Pillars Hex / Pillars

24. Energy resolution in Argon IsoC 4 H 10 80/20 Observation of two lines: K α @ 5.9 keV K β @ 6.4 keV FWHM of the K α distribution 16.7 % Gain fluctuations < 5% Very good energy resolution: Very precise dimensions d < 0.1 μm

25. Gains in Argon Argon / CO2 mixtures offers good ageing properties (GOSSIP gas) Gain of 10 4 reachable in Argon CO 2 80/20 Ageing studies in a reasonable amount of time (intense X-rays source)

26. Other applications of GridPix: - μ-TPC - Transition Radiation Detectors - GOSSIP: tracker for intense radiation environment

27. GOSSIP: Gas On Slimmed SIlicon Pixels new vertex detector! CMOS pixel array MIP InGrid Drift gap: 1 mm Max drift time: 16 ns MIP CMOS chip ‘slimmed’ to 30 μm Cathode foil

28. Essentials of GOSSIP: Generate charge signal in gas instead of Si (e-/ions versus e-/holes) Amplify # electrons in gas (electron avalanche versus FET preamps) Then: No radiation damage in depletion layer or pixel preamp FETs No power dissipation of preamps No detector bias current Ultralight detection layer (Si foil)

29. Aging test (remember MSGCs….!) ratio of anode surface: thin wire surface versus anode plane (~20x) low gas gain due to fast signal and low source capacity (~20x) At X-ray source (PANalytical) With standard Ar/Methane 90/10 mixture: Equivalent of 3 years Super LHC @ 2 cm from beam pipe

30. Next GridPix (TPC for ILC) TimePix: modify MediPix 2 chip: TDC clock over pixel matrix EUDET (Nikhef-Saclay-Freiburg et al) approved $$$ ! InGrid Study the geometry influence on Resolution, Gain, Ion back flow: optimise detector geometry Protect the chip from discharges High resistive grid, or separated grid segments Apply InGrid on MediPix2, (TimePix!), PSI 46 pixel chips GOSSIP repeat aging test with Ar/CO2 Gossipo: MPW submit for low-noise preamp (C s = 30 fF) Test with PSI 46 FE pixel chip equipped with InGrid

31. MediPix General Purpose CMOS Pixel chip GridPix Micropattern/pixel readout of gas-filled detectors TPC for ILC Vertex detecor for ILC & (S)LHC New semiconductors: diamond, SiC IC technology X-ray imaging XFEL ESRF 100 m RASNIK alignment ILC CLIC

32. Momentum Measurement of muons in the L3 experiment: Chamber Position Monitoring

33. Principle of CCD-RASNIK Coded Mask Light SourceLens CCD

34. 100 m RASNIK for CLIC CLIC Accelerator length:2 x 15 km Number of elements:15.000 Number of ‘4 m’ RASNIKs:15.000/30.000 Number of ‘100 m’ RASNIKs: 600 Laser zone lens hole dia. 50 mm RasCam 100 m (vacuum tube!)

35. Pixels for LHC Super LHC ILC!