1. Introduction to GCOS Richard K. Thigpen Implementation Project Manager GCOS Secretariat Geneva

2. GCOS Surface Network Around 1000 Stations Roughly 150-300 Km Spacing Mandatory Requirements: Monthly CLIMAT Report of Mean Temps, Total Precip Target Requirements Daily Temp, Precip, Pressure (SYNOP) Operated by National Met Services Biggest problems: No Monthly CLIMAT Reports Mis-Identification Old, Un-Calibrated Equipment

3. GSN

5. GCOS Upper Air Network About 150 Stations Uniform Global Distribution (5-10 Deg) Minimum Requirement At least 25 soundings/month to 30HPa Temp, Humidity, Wind Speed and Direction Target requirement (Draft) Temp, Wind, Humidity as High as Possible Biggest problems: Operating Costs Old Equipment

6. GUAN

7. Things We Have Done to Improve GUAN Direct Renovations CBS Lead Centers for GCOS Technical Support Projects

8. Competitive Purchases WMO procedures Has Lead to consistent prices Sometimes ground systems replaced Technology Improvements Require WMO Intercomparison

10. New GUAN Station at Dar es Salaam

11. New GUAN Station at Gan, Maldives

12. Yerevan, Armenia

13. Windhoek

14. Douala, Cameroun

15. Antananarivo, Madagascar

16. Bjelasnica circa 1890

17. Bjelasnica

18. Bjelasnica 1994

22. Revitalization Activities Equipment Replacement Hydrogen Generators and Upper Air Systems Gan, MaldivesDar es Salaam, Tanzania Windhoek, NamibiaHarare, Zimbabwe Yerevan, ArmeniaPenrhyn, Cook Islands Douala, CameroonAntananarivo, Madagascar Dakar, SenegalAddis Ababa, Ethiopia Nairobi, KenyaBauerfield, Vanuatu Honiara, Solomon Islands Laoag, Philippines Galapagos, EcuadorNiamey, Niger Mahe, SeychellesAbidjan, Cote d’Ivoire Radiosondes and Balloons To Many

27. CBS Lead Centers for GCOS JapanTakafumi Umeda USMatt Menne (Assisted by Stuart Hinson) British Antarctic SurveyJonathan Shanklin ChileJorge Carrasco MozambiqueDomingos (Mosquito) Patricio GermanyChristiana Lefebvre AustraliaKevin Smith MoroccoRachid Sebbari IranMina Jabbari

29. GCOS Technical Support Projects Four One Year Projects Established Pacific Islands (New Zealand Met Service) Caribbean (Private Company) SADC Africa (Botswana Met Service) Americas (Private Company) Visit Each GUAN Station 2 Times per Year Visit as Many GSN as Possible Monitor reports from all Stations

30. Technical Support Projects Site Visits: Better Meta Data Including Photos Around Sensor Suite Actual Location of Many are Wrong Many are no Longer Good Sites Calibration and Training

31. Photos Around Station Example

33. GCOS Cooperative Mechanism (GCM) Funds from Spain Latin American Countries Addressing Uruguay GSN Funds from UKMO Radiosondes, Yerevan, Seychelles, Maldives Funds From US Implementation Project Manager Some Projects

34. GCOS Cooperative Mechanism (GCM) Funds From Switzerland Support for Africa GSN Renovations in Angola Radiosondes for Dar es Salaam and Harare Next Likely to Renovate Luanda Upper Air

35. GCOS Cooperative Mechanism (GCM) Funds from Netherlands Africa Technical Support Several H2 Generators Funds from Germany Former CIS Countries Wind System for Bjelasnica Funds from Canada TSP for the Americas

36. Number of CLIMAT Received at NCDC

38. Thank You RKT