1. Tools for Viewing Life Light Microscope ◦ Compound ◦ Stereo/ Dissecting Electron Microscope ◦ Scanning (SEM) ◦ Transmission (TEM) X-rays CT-scan Ultrasound MRI PET scan

2. Light Microscopes Compound= 1 optical system *Magnification = Up to 1500x (SHS=400x) (objective x eyepiece) *Images = Upside down and reversed http://www.az- microscope.on.ca/images/Ml2100.jpg http://ettc.lrhsd.org/archives/Pictures/138- microscopes-lg.jpg

3. Stereo = 2 separate optical systems (for objects that will not fit on a slide) *Magnification = Up to 100x (SHS = 30x) *Images = 3D, normal upright, right to left image http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/ster eomicroscopy/stereointro.html http://www.clt.astate.edu/mhuss/stereoparts.jpg

4. Electron Microscopes Scanning (SEM) *Uses electrons instead of light to form/focus image *Used to view surfaces of objects (electrons deflect off specimens) *Magnification up to 500,000x http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/labs/ebeam/images/sem8.jpg http://image53.webshots.com/53/8/76/41/2484876410085329142tuvzFM_fs.jpg

5. Transmission (TEM) *Uses electrons instead of light to form/focus image *Used to view inner structure of objects (electrons pass through specimens) *Magnification up to 1, 000,000x http://www.iopb.res.in/~bhupen/tem_mch.gif TEM-micrograph: thylakoid system in a chloroplast (bar= 0.5 µm). http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www-classic.uni- graz.at/pphwww/elmi/tem2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www-classic.uni- graz.at/pphwww/elmi/tempraeparatione.htm&usg=__a3m7XGYsX7CRKvKD0cd0qlD36jk=&h=321&w=387&s z=43&hl=en&start=21&um=1&tbnid=Ugh374nux3hqcM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=123&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTEM% 26ndsp%3D18%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26start%3D18%26um%3D1

6. TEM vs. SEM http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/images/TEM- SEM-electron-beam.jpg

7. X-Ray Electromagnetic wave just outside the visible light spectrum (high energy = radiation) X-rays pass through tissue to show dense material (which absorbs the rays)= 2D image http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/physics_gcse/Unit_1/Topic_5/em_spectrum.jpg http://www.designswan.com/wp- content/uploads/2008/xray/22.jpg

8. CT-Scan “cat scan” Computer (Axial) Tomography Numerous x-ray beams and a set of electronic x- ray detectors rotate around you, measuring the amount of radiation being absorbed throughout your body Can create a 3D view of scanned item (which can include items than dense bone) other Greater number of X-ray images = more radiation http://benchmarks.cancer.gov/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/CT-cartoon2.gif http://www.sciencecodex.com/aggregated- images/body/mM1Wb9z7m7ZV3Stj.jpg

9. Ultrasound High-frequency sound waves pass through the body until they come to a border between two tissues that conduct sound differently. Then, some of the sound waves bounce back & are produced as a picture. * When used for long periods of time at high intensities, it can cause the tissues to become heated. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18056.jpg http://www.hip2b2.com/images/uploaded_images/Ultrasound.jpg

10. MRI = Magnetic Resonance Imaging Uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of body tissues. *Can take images from almost every angle http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorial s/magnetacademy/mri/images/mri-scanner.jpg http://www.ct-scan-info.com/images/MRscanner.jpg

11. PET scan = Positron Emission Tomography. Uses radiation to trace a radioactive element/medicine in the body. Produces a 3D, color image. http://www.petscaninfo.com/zportal/portals/pa t/basic/old/pet_scan_cancer.jpg http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/images/205902.jpg