1. Advances in Applying Satellite Remote Sensing to the AQHI Randall Martin, Dalhousie and Harvard-Smithsonian Aaron van Donkelaar, Akhila Padmanabhan, Dalhousie University Lok Lamsal, Dalhousie U  NASA Goddard 45 th CMOS Congress, Victoria 7 June 2011

2. Large Regions Have Insufficient Measurements for AQHI Measurement Locations of NAPS Sites Southern Ontario

3. Major Nadir-viewing Space-based Measurements of AQHI Species SensorGOES Imager MISRMODISSCIA- MACHY TESOMIPARASOLCALIOPGOME -2 IASI Platform (launch) GOES (varied) Terra Aqua (1999) (2002) Envisat (2002) Aura (2004) PARASOL (2004) CALIPSOMetOp (2006) Equator Crossing n/a 10:30 1:3010:001:451:30 9:30 Typical Res (km) 4x418x1810x1060x308x5>24x1318x1640x4080x4012x12 Global Obs (w/o clouds) n/a726 11 10.5 AerosolXXXXXX1X NO 2 XXX OzoneXXXXX Solar Backscatter, Thermal Infrared, Active

4. General Approach to Estimate Surface Concentrations NO2 Column S → Surface Concentration Ω → Tropospheric column In Situ GEOS-Chem Model Profile

5. Ground-Level Afternoon NO 2 Inferred From OMI for 2005-2007 Lok Lamsal NO 2 [ppbv]

6. Ground-Level NO 2 Inferred From OMI for 2005 Temporal Correlation with In Situ Over 2005 ×  In situ —— OMI Works in Near-Real-Time! Values Estimated Using Monthly NO 2 Profiles for Different Year (2006) Insignificant change in results if profiles are daily coincident values from 2005 Lok Lamsal

7. Aerosol Most Visible over Dark Targets Pollution haze over East CoastDust off West Africa

8. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from MODIS and MISR over 2001-2006 MODIS 1-2 days for global coverage (w/o clouds) AOD retrievals at 10 km x 10 km Requires assumptions about surface reflectivity MISR 6-9 days for global coverage (w/o clouds) AOD retrievals at 18 km x 18 km Simultaneous retrieval of surface reflectance and aerosol optical properties 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 AOD [unitless] MODIS r = 0.40 vs. in-situ PM 2.5 MISR r = 0.54 vs. in-situ PM 2.5 van Donkelaar et al., EHP, 2010

9. Agreement With AERONET Varies with Surface Type 9 surface types, defined by monthly mean surface albedo ratios, evaluation against AERONET AOD MODIS MISR July van Donkelaar et al., EHP, 2010

10. Combined AOD from MODIS and MISR Rejected Retrievals for Land Types with Monthly Error vs AERONET >0.1 or 20% MODIS r = 0.40 (vs. in-situ PM 2.5 ) MISR r = 0.54 (vs. in-situ PM 2.5 ) Combined MODIS/MISR r = 0.63 (vs. in-situ PM 2.5 ) 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 AOD [unitless] van Donkelaar et al., EHP, 2010

11. Significant Agreement with Coincident In situ Measurements Used GEOS-Chem to Calculate AOD/PM 2.5 (η) Satellite Derived In-situ Satellite-Derived [ μ g/m3] In-situ PM 2.5 [μg/m 3 ] Annual Mean PM 2.5 [ μ g/m 3 ] (2001-2006) r MODIS AOD0.40 MISR AOD0.54 Combined AOD0.63 Combined PM 2.5 0.77 van Donkelaar et al., EHP, 2010

12. Error Sources in Satellite-Derived PM 2.5 Satellite Error limited to 0.1 + 20% by AERONET filter Implication for satellite PM 2.5 determined by AOD/PM 2.5 Model Affected by aerosol optical properties, concentrations, vertical profile, relative humidity Most sensitive to vertical profile [van Donkelaar et al., 2006] Evaluate vs Calipso lidar obs Estimate error from bias in profile and AOD ±(1 μg/m 3 + 15%) Contains 68% (1 SD) of North American data Satellite-Derived [ μ g/m3] In-situ PM 2.5 [μg/m 3 ] van Donkelaar et al., EHP, 2010

13. USA Today: Hundreds Dead from Heat, Smog, Wildfires in Moscow 9 Aug 2010: “Deaths in Moscow have doubled to an average of 700 people a day as the Russian capital is engulfed by poisonous smog from wildfires and a sweltering heat wave, a top health official said Monday.” MODIS/Aqua: 7 Aug 2010

14. Spatial and Temporal Variation in Satellite-Based PM 2.5 during Moscow 2010 Fires van Donkelaar et al., AE, submitted

15. Satellite-Based PM 2.5 Insensitive to Emission Inventory Daily Meteorology More Important van Donkelaar et al., AE, submitted GEOS-Chem Calculation of AOD / PM 2.5 Different Emission Inventories

16. Application of Satellite-based Estimates to Moscow Smoke Event Before Fires During Fires van Donkelaar et al., submitted MODIS-based In Situ PM 2.5 In Situ from PM 10 r 2 =0.85, slope=1.06

17. Acknowledgements: Environment Canada, Health Canada, NASA Simple Method for Near-Real-Time Estimates of Ground-Level NO 2 Satellite-based PM 2.5 Estimate for Long-Term and Extreme Events Ongoing Work Develop daily PM 2.5 estimate for Canada Improve spatial resolution from 10 km to 3 km Evaluate AOD/PM 2.5 ratio Growing Confidence in Application of Satellite Remote Sensing for PM 2.5 and NO 2