1. Integration of Agronomy with Engineering Development of In-season sensor-based application technologies OSU precision Sensing Team Biosystems and Agricultural EngineeringPlant and Soil Science Marvin Stone, John SolieBill Raun, Gordon Johnson

2. First Generation Sensor-Based Nitrogen Management Systems Where next?

3. Optical Sensing View –Absorption from plant leaves only  Chlorophyll content Sensor with narrow view – laser, spot measurements Strategy to filter measurements from leaves only –Plant projected area  Biomass Vision based sensing for N independence Processing to select plant proportion of view / eliminate soil background –Plant projected area * Absorption from plant leaves  N uptake Sensor with wide view /nadir orientation Need minimal soil background effect Side-looking sensors Need background? Leaning plant issues Selective viewing of parts of plants Upper and lower leaves View –Absorption from plant leaves only  Chlorophyll content Sensor with narrow view – laser, spot measurements Strategy to filter measurements from leaves only –Plant projected area  Biomass Vision based sensing for N independence Processing to select plant proportion of view / eliminate soil background –Plant projected area * Absorption from plant leaves  N uptake Sensor with wide view /nadir orientation Need minimal soil background effect Side-looking sensors Need background? Leaning plant issues Selective viewing of parts of plants Upper and lower leaves

4. Other Optical Techniques Spectral bands –Red/NIR, Green/NIR, NIR/short-IR –Auxillary pigments / xanthophyll –Water Fluorescence –Chlorophyll fluorescence – now have Ultra-bright Blue LEDs stress detection –UV excitation – now have UV LEDs! –GMO markers / indicators Spectral bands –Red/NIR, Green/NIR, NIR/short-IR –Auxillary pigments / xanthophyll –Water Fluorescence –Chlorophyll fluorescence – now have Ultra-bright Blue LEDs stress detection –UV excitation – now have UV LEDs! –GMO markers / indicators

5. Other parameters? Height – top of crop canopy –Ultrasound –RADAR Low cost FMCW devices Soil moisture content –Dielectric –Neutron scattering Electrical conductivity Plant population –vision / optical / mechanical Dielectric based plant biomass Height – top of crop canopy –Ultrasound –RADAR Low cost FMCW devices Soil moisture content –Dielectric –Neutron scattering Electrical conductivity Plant population –vision / optical / mechanical Dielectric based plant biomass

6. Potential exploitable technologies Faster / better micro-controllers –better data processing – more calculations per sec. Different algorithms, SD on the fly, signal filtering/smoothing Digital signal processors –better compensation for interferences – temperature, noise –more on-board interfaces self-diagnostics multiple parameters (eg. shaft encoder + temperature etc.) Flash technology –Sensors etc. can be readily re-programmable New functions as time progresses by downloading program Multi-function devices EEPROM –Large on-board non-volatile memory – remembers history Faster / better micro-controllers –better data processing – more calculations per sec. Different algorithms, SD on the fly, signal filtering/smoothing Digital signal processors –better compensation for interferences – temperature, noise –more on-board interfaces self-diagnostics multiple parameters (eg. shaft encoder + temperature etc.) Flash technology –Sensors etc. can be readily re-programmable New functions as time progresses by downloading program Multi-function devices EEPROM –Large on-board non-volatile memory – remembers history

7. Potential exploitable technologies –cont- Communications Networks Types –CAN – ISO 11783 / J1939 »Standardized messaging compatible with Ag. equipment »VTs becoming available –RF – Bluetooth and other spread spectrum –POF Advantages - Flexible distribution of tasks on machines –Sensors can talk with central box »Downloadable configuration / code –Sensor to sensor coordination –Economical reliable wiring –Centralized diagnostics Communications Networks Types –CAN – ISO 11783 / J1939 »Standardized messaging compatible with Ag. equipment »VTs becoming available –RF – Bluetooth and other spread spectrum –POF Advantages - Flexible distribution of tasks on machines –Sensors can talk with central box »Downloadable configuration / code –Sensor to sensor coordination –Economical reliable wiring –Centralized diagnostics

8. Potential exploitable technologies –cont- MEMS –Better accelerometers / pressure transducers Better guidance / Boom leveling Cheaper pressure measurement / nozzle level? –New sensing technologies Micro-pulse RADAR IR detectors Optical switches MEMS –Better accelerometers / pressure transducers Better guidance / Boom leveling Cheaper pressure measurement / nozzle level? –New sensing technologies Micro-pulse RADAR IR detectors Optical switches

9. Greenseeker Optical Geometry

11. Greenseeker system layout

12. Greenseeker handheld layout