1. Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

2. Kingdoms Eubacteria/Archaebacteria Eubacteria contain bacteria cells with cell walls made of peptidoglycan Archaebacteria contain bacteria cells with no cell walls. Bacteria can be found anywhere! Many of them live in places where no other forms of life can survive! (Archaebacteria)

3. What we already know…. Characteristics: Prokaryotic  no membrane-bound organelles Single-celled or colonial All of the cells are identical Heterotrophic or autotrophic

4. Different types of bacteria… Bacteria cells are usually one of three different shapes: Rods (bacillus) Spheres (coccus) Spirals (spirillum)

5. Bacteria Bacteria can be arranged in several ways: Single cell 2 cells: diplo A strand of cells: strepto A cluster of cells: staphylo

6. Bacteria When bacteria are found in colonial arrangements, we name them based on their arrangement and their shape. The first part of the name represents the arrangement. The second part represents the shape.

7. Examples EX. Two rod- shaped cells Diplobacillus EX. Spherical cells in a linear strand Streptococcus

8. Bacteria Bacterial Cell Structures: Nucleoid Plasmid Ribosomes Plasma Membrane Cell Wall Flagella Pili

9. Bacteria Bacterial DNA is not contained in a nucleus (remember….no membrane-bound organelles!) Instead, the DNA is tangled up in an area we call the nucleoid. Bacterial DNA forms loops Known as plasmids

10. Bacteria Bacteria cells are classified based on how they react to a certain chemical stain developed by Dr. Gram Gram-positive. They retain a purple color when stained with crystal violet.

11. Bacteria Other bacteria cells have no cell wall and react differently to the Gram stain These bacteria are known as Gram negative because they do not stain purple. How they stain determines what antibiotic is perscribed.

12. Bacteria Bacteria may achieve motility in three ways: Using flagella An axial filament (bacteria cell moves like a corkscrew) Slime

13. How do bacteria cells reproduce? Bacteria cells reproduce using binary fission… Each daughter cell is identical to the parent cell.

14. Bacterial Conjugation a.k.a Horizontal Gene Transfer http://www.learner.org/channel /courses/biology/archive/animati ons/hires/a_infect1_h.html http://www.learner.org/channel /courses/biology/archive/animati ons/hires/a_infect1_h.html

15. Bacterial Conjugation The connection that is formed between two bacteria cells is known as the conjugation bridge. The structure that forms the conjugation bridge is called a pili. The plasmid that gets transferred is known as the F plasmid or the sex plasmid. Conjugation

16. Good Bacteria vs. Bad Bacteria There are many bad bacteria in our environment that can do harm to our bodies. These bacteria cells are known as pathogenic bacteria

17. Good Bacteria Bacteria cells can be easily manipulated and help us produce a variety of products. For example, we can use bacteria cells to help us produce insulin!

18. Insulin Production in Bacteria

19. Genetic Recombination The gene responsible for insulin production in humans is removed. The plasmid in the bacteria cell is opened. The human gene is inserted into the plasmid. The bacteria cell reads the new gene along with it’s own DNA and becomes an insulin- producing factory! Insulin is removed from the bacteria cells and given to individuals with diabetes!

20. Bacteria and Food Production Bacteria are used in the production of foods such as: Chocolate Sausage Dill Pickles Soy Sauce Olives Dairy Products (Milk, Cheese, Yogurt)

21. Bacteria and Vitamins Vitamin B12 is synthesized exclusively by bacteria through a process called fermentation. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of red blood cells, the maintenance of the nervous system, and growth and development in children.

22. SAY CHEESE!!

23. Good Bacteria vs. Bad Bacteria Bacillus anthracis (causes Anthrax) Commonly occurs in ruminants Cattle, sheep, goats, etc. Humans who are exposed to infected animals or a high density of spores (endospore) will become infected. There are no known cases of people catching anthrax from one another.

24. Anthrax continued…. Anthrax can infect three different areas: Gastrointestinal Anthrax (intestine) Pulmonary Anthrax (lungs) Cutaneous Anthrax Least fatal; least painful

25. Escherichia Coli E. Coli live in the lower intestine of many animals. However, they can cause several infections when they appear in an area of the body that they are not normally found. Ex. Urinary Tract Infections Sometimes E. Coli produce a toxin that attacks the body and makes us ill. Ex. Food Poisoning

26. Streptococcus pharyngitis These bacteria attack the pharynx. These bacteria are spread through direct contact (water droplets from sneezing and coughing)

27. Antibiotics/Immunity How Antibiotics Work Vaccines and Immunity Immune System