1. Hydroelectric Mona Zebarjadi, EE80j: Summer 2009

2. World Consumption BP Statistical review, 2009 Million tones oil equivalent Oil Natural Gas Nuclear energy Hydroelectricity Coal

3. 2007

4. World Capacity and output

5. A.Shakouri, 19 Sept. 2008 Globally Gross theoretical potential 4.6 TW Technically feasible potential 1.5 TW Economically feasible potential 0.9 TW Installed capacity in 1997 0.6 TW Production in 1997 0.3 TW (can get to 80% capacity in some cases) Source: WEA 2000 Hydroelectric Energy Potential Nate Lewis, Caltech

7. Site types – Low (effective head <10m) – High (effective head>100m) Small-Scale Hydro (micro-, mini, pico) – Capacity <30MW US, capacity <5MW UK

8. Turbine types Reaction turbines: are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. Francis Kaplan, Propeller, Bulb, Tube, Straflo Tyson Water Wheel Archimedean screw turbine Impulse turbines: change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum causes a force on the turbine blades. Pelton Turgo Michell-Banki (also known as the Crossflow or Ossberger turbine)

9. Francis (radial- flow) Most common

10. Propeller (Axial-flow) Kaplan

11. Impulse turbines Great for high heads Low specific speed Pelton, Turgo, Cross-flow

12. Ranges of application

13. A.Shakouri, 19 Sept. 2008 Hydro Power Advantages: No pollution (Co2 or So2 No2) flood control, Very high efficiency (80%); little waste heat; low cost per KWh; Can adjust KWh output to peak loads; http://zebu.uoregon.edu/2001/ph162/l1.html

14. Disadvantages: Fish are endangered species; Produce methane, Sediment buildup and dam failure (250,000 killed China, 1975); changes watershed characteristics; alters hydrological cycle (affects the agriculture), Social effect

15. Economy Expected life time: 25-50 years for machinery and 50-100 years for external structure Capital cost: depends strongly on the site – some examples : Three Gorges, China 1993, 1200$/kW – Itaipu: 1984-91, 1600$/kW Maintenance cost : additional 1 to 2% Largest plant and highest heads tend to have lowest unit cost