1. Secondary Sex Traits

2. Hormones – Proteins made in the brain and sex organs Hormones – Proteins made in the brain and sex organs

3. Puberty A. Hormones cause production of sex cells control development of adult characteristics B. Pubescence Growth spurt prior to puberty

4. Hormones’ influences Endocrine system hypothalamus (gland in brain) sends messages to pituitary

5. Pituitary (another gland in brain) hormones are produced 1. Gonadotrophic hormone (FSH and LH) Develops gonads Develops gonads Responsible for menstrual cycle Responsible for menstrual cycle Responsible for developing sex characteristics Responsible for developing sex characteristics

6. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) a. Female: Stimulates production of eggs and estrogen. Amount varies throughout life. b. Male: Stimulates testes to manufacture sperm. c. Amount of FSH in males is the same throughout life to allow constant production of sperm

7. Lutenizing Hormone (LH) a. Female: Causes release of progesterone b. Male: Causes cells to produce testosterone

10. Hormones made by sex organs Estrogenic hormones a. Made by follicles of ovary b. Estrogen: responsible for female secondary sex characteristics; influences menstrual cycle c. Progesterone: made by corpus luteum after ovulation; maintains uterine lining

11. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) - produced after fertilization - tells other eggs to “wait” - can be detected in urine very early in pregnancy (pregnancy tests

12. Androgenic hormones - testosterone: sex characteristics - castration: removal of testes (steer, gelding, capon) Adrenal hormones: affect maturing of sex cells

13. Menopause – “change of life” A. Slowing down of reproductive hormones B. Menstruation becomes erratic, then stops; ovulation stops C. May occur rather abruptly D. Usually occurs around ages 50-55

14. Common symptoms (result of lower estrogen levels) 1. Hot flashes 2. Depression 3. Night sweats 4. Weight changes 5. Headaches 6. 10% may experience none 7. Dizzy 8. 20% may disrupt lives 9. Insomnia

15. Treatment of symptoms a. Estrogen i. eliminates hot flashes ii. mood swings relieved iii. restores changes to the reproductive tract iv. osteoporosis b. Testosterone i. works with estrogen so have younger looking skin

16. c. Androgen i. increase sex drive d. Risks to HRT a. breast cancer can increase 30-50% b. blood clots if have disease c. Gall bladder disease if pill taken orally

17. Male menopause?? No – produce sperm until death Decrease in sex drive Erectile dysfunction

18. Problems with Reproduction Infertility Abnormal Sperm, low sperm count, low sperm quality Only one functional ovary, hostile environment in uterus, endometriosis