1. Database Management Systems

2. NESTING OF QUERIES  Some queries require that existing values in the database be retrieved and then used in a comparison condition.  A complete SELECT query, called a nested query, can be specified within the WHERE- clause of another query, called the outer query  Many of the previous queries can be specified in an alternative form using nesting

3. Query 1  Retrieve the name and address of all employees who work for the 'Research' department.  SELECT FNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE, DEPARTMENT WHERE DNAME='Research' AND DNUMBER=DNO;  SELECTFNAME, LNAME, ADDRESS FROM EMPLOYEE WHEREDNO IN ( SELECT DNUMBER FROM DEPARTMENT WHERE DNAME='Research' )

4. NESTING OF QUERIES  The nested query selects the number of the 'Research' department  The outer query select an EMPLOYEE tuple if its DNO value is in the result of either nested query  The comparison operator IN compares a value v with a set (or multi-set) of values V, and evaluates to TRUE if v is one of the elements in V  In general, we can have several levels of nested queries  A reference to an unqualified attribute refers to the relation declared in the innermost nested query  In this example, the nested query is not correlated with the outer query

5. Query 2  Make a list of all project numbers for projects that involve an employee whose last name is 'Smith' as a worker or as a manager of the department that controls the project.  (SELECT PNUMBER FROMPROJECT, DEPARTMENT, EMPLOYEE WHERE DNUM=DNUMBER AND MGR_SSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith') UNION (SELECT PNUMBER FROMPROJECT, WORKS_ON, EMPLOYEE WHEREPNUMBER=PNO AND ESSN=SSN AND LNAME='Smith')

6. Query 2 using nested queries SELECT distinct pnumber FROM project WHERE pnumber IN ( SELECT Pnumber FROM project, department, employee WHERE dnum=dnumber and mgr_ssn= ssn and lname='Smith') or pnumber IN ( SELECT pno FROM works_on, employee WHERE essn=ssn and lname='Smith')

7. Nested Queries  The first nested query selects the project numbers of projects that have a ‘Smith’ involved as manager  The second nested query selects the project numbers of projects that have a ‘Smith’ involved as a worker  In the outer query, we use the OR logical connective to retrieve a project tuple if the pnumber value of the tuple is in the result of either nested query

8. Nested Queries  SQL allows the use of tuples of values in comparisons by placing them within parentheses. To illustrate this, consider the following query: SELECT DISTINCT ESSN FROM WORKS_ON WHERE (PNO, HOURS) IN (SELECT PNO, HOURS FROM WORKS_ON WHERE ESSN='123456789')  This query will select the social security numbers of all employees who work in the same (project, hours) combination on same project that employee 'John Smith' (whose ssn = ‘123456789') works on.

9. Nested Queries  In addition to the IN operator, a number of other comparison operators can be used to compare single value v (typically an attribute name) to a set or multiset V (typically a nested query). The = ANY (or = SOME) operator returns TRUE if the value v is equal to some value in the set V and is hence equivalent to IN. The keywords ANY and SOME have the same meaning. Other operators that can be combined with ANY (or SOME) include >, >=,. The keyword ALL can also be combined with each of these operators MeaningOperator Equal to any member in the listIN Compare value to each value returned by the subqueryANY Compare value to every value returned by the subqueryALL

10. Query 3  Retrieve the names of employees whose salary is greater than the salary of all the employees in department 5 SELECT LNAME, FNAME FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE SALARY > ALL (SELECT SALARY FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE DNO=5)

11. Nested Queries  In general, we can have several levels of nested queries. We can once again be faced with possible ambiguity among attribute names if attributes of the same name exist—one in a relation in the FROM clause of the outer query, and another in a relation in the FROM clause of the nested query. The rule is that a reference to an unqualified attribute refers to the relation declared in the innermost nested query.

12. CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES  If a condition in the WHERE-clause of a nested query references an attribute of a relation declared in the outer query, the two queries are said to be correlated  The result of a correlated nested query is different for each tuple (or combination of tuples) of the relation(s) the outer query

13. Query 4  Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first name and same sex as the employee. SELECT E.FNAME, E.LNAME FROM EMPLOYEE E WHERE E.SSN IN (SELECT ESSN FROM DEPENDENT WHERE E.FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME AND E.SEX=SEX)

14. CORRELATED NESTED QUERIES  Correlated subquery runs once for each row selected by the outer query. It contains a reference to a value from the row selected by the outer query.  Nested subquery runs only once for the entire nesting (outer) query. It does not contain any reference to the outer query row.

15. THE EXISTS FUNCTION  EXISTS is used to check whether the result of a correlated nested query is empty (contains no tuples) or not. Also we can use NOT EXISTS  Query 5 : Retrieve the name of each employee who has a dependent with the same first name as the employee. SELECT FNAME, LNAME FROMEMPLOYEE WHEREEXISTS (SELECT* FROMDEPENDENT WHERESSN=ESSN AND FNAME=DEPENDENT_NAME)

16. Query 5  List the names of employees who have no dependents SELECT fname, lname FROM employee WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM dependent WHERE ssn=ESSN)

17. Query 6  Retrieve the name of each employee who works on all projects controlled by department number 5 SELECT lname, fname FROM employee where not exists (SELECT * FROM works_on B where (B.PNO in (select Pnumber from project where dnum=5)) AND NOT Exists ( select * from works_on c where c.essn=ssn and c.pno =B.pno))