1. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization (Grundlagen der thermischen Nutzung von Biomasse) Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien)

2. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Content ADefinitions and Energy Units BOverview about Biomass Utilization (Austria, Europe, World) CFuel Related Characteristics of Biomass DFundamentals of Thermal Conversion of Biomass EPrinciples of Energy Transformation

3. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Questions to be answered Which types of thermal conversion are used ? What happens during thermal conversion of a biomass particle ? What is a Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) ?

4. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Thermal Conversion of Biomass Biomass CombustionGasificationPyrolysis

5. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Combustion Thermal conversion of organic matter with an oxidant (normally air, oxygen) in stoichiometric excess for complete oxidation ( >=1). Conversion at high temperatures (> 800 °C). The product is primarily a flue gas consisting of carbon dioxide and water for heat utilization.

6. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Gasification Thermal conversion of organic materials (biomass) at elevated temperature and reducing conditions (0< <1). Conversion at high temperatures (>800 °C). The desired product is a usable gas (product gas, synthesis gas).

7. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Pyrolysis Thermal conversion (destruction) of organic compounds (biomass) in the absence of oxygen ( =0). Conversion at lower temperatures (400-600 °C). In the biomass community, this commonly refers to producing liquids as the primary product.

8. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Process Primary Product Applications / Final Product

9. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization TGA of Wood

10. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization DTGA: Spruce, Birch, Beech and Acacia Heating rate: 10 °C

11. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Main Composition of Biomass Biomass Cellulose Hemi- Cellulose Lignin Extractables resin / ash weight % Conifer trees (Nadelhölzer) 40 - 4230 - 3520 - 222 - 3 Deciduous trees (Laubhölzer) 40 - 4321 - 2327 - 283 - 5 Short rotation forest (Kurzumtrieb) 38 - 4225 - 3015 - 215 -10

12. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Thermal conversion of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, and wood Torrefaction

13. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Power consumption for grinding

14. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Amounts of gases, liquids and char after pyrolysis

15. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Looking at the elemental composition, biomass consists mainly of carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H). Besides these elements there are of course a lot of further elements in biomass but the amount is much lower. A triangle diagram can be constructed with these three major elements at the three edges. A typical composition of biomass can be given with (molar ratio): C H 1,44 O 0,66 or C 0,32 H 0,47 O 0,21 Molar Composition of Biomass

16. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization

17. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Conversion from wt-% to molar-ratio wt-% molecular wt kg/kg (kg/kmol) kmol/kg C 50 124,161 0,32 O 44 162,750,66 0,21 H 6 16,001,44 0,47 sum3,10 C 1 H 1,44 O 0,66 = C 0,32 H 0,47 O 0,21

18. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization C/H/O Triangle Diagram Biomass C:H:O = 0,32:0,47:0,21 Gasification Combustion

19. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Multiple Choice Test Which one of the three mentioned thermal biomass conversion technologies is operated without the presence of oxygen ( = 0) ? a)Combustion b)Gasification c)Pyrolysis

20. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Multiple Choice Test Which one of the four mentioned elements has got the highest weight-% (dm) in biomass ? a)Carbon (C) b)Hydrogen (H) c)Oxygen (O) d)Nitrogen (N)

21. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Multiple Choice Test Which one of the four mentioned elements has got the highest molar-ratio (dm) in biomass ? a)Carbon (C) b)Hydrogen (H) c)Oxygen (O) d)Nitrogen (N)