1. 癌症生物學 1. 授課老師 : 生命科學系胡承波教授 辦公室 : 基礎科學實驗館 206A 電話 : 分機 2479 或 2480 手機 0920734688 e-mail: cphu@thu.edu.tw 2. 課程目的 : 瞭解癌症生物學的內涵、機制、及發展。 3. 授課方式 : a. 以 powerpoint 講課 b. 提出問題，由同學發表意見及討論 c. 同學分組報告及討論

2. 4. 對同學的期許 : a. 準時上課，如無法出席，須以電話 ( 留言 ) 、 e-mail 、簡訊 … 請假 b. 閱讀英文教科書 c. 主動參與討論，表達自己的想法及看法 d. 分組口頭報告 ( 事先與老師討論 ) e. 對同學的報告提出問題、討論及評量 f. 隨堂考試、期中考試、期末考試 5. 成績考核： 由多方面考核；如準時出席、上課反應、小組參與、 口頭報告、自發學習、隨堂考試、期中考及期末考 6. 教科書 : Weinberg, R. A. The Biology of Cancer. Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007 7. 隨時歡迎同學的口頭或書面建議

3. The Biology of Cancer Robert A. Weinberg Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2007

4. Robert A. Weinberg Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

5. Racing to the Beginning of the Road: The Search for the Origin of Cancer – R. A. Weinberg (1996) 追獵癌症：癌症病因研究之路 ( 天下文化 ) One Renegade Cell – R. A. Weinberg (1998) 細胞反叛 ( 天下文化 ) Curing Cancer – M. Waldholz (1997) 致癌基因之謎 ( 商業週刊 )

6. Chapter 1 The Biology and Genetics of Cells and Organisms - 1.4 - - 1.5 - Mar 1, 2007

7. Figure 1.11a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) Human Chromosomes (during metaphase) p centromere q

8. Chromosome Banding (1970s) - Identification of chromosomes or the chromosome rearrangement in cells - The interaction of certain alkylating (adding - CH 3 ) fluorochromes (e.g., quinacrine mustard) and histochemical stains (e.g., Giemsa stain) with specific regions of chromosomes produces “bands” along the chromosomes that can be used to fingerprint each chromosome pair. The patterns obtained depend on the treatment used.

9. C-banding stains centromeres. R-banding is the reverse of C-banding and stains non- centromeric regions. G-banding is obtained with Giemsa stain. It yields a series of lightly and darkly stained bands. Q-banding is a fluorescent pattern obtained using quinacrine for staining. The pattern of bands is very similar to that seen in G- banding. p: the short arm above the centromere, e.g., p13, p23 q: the long arm below the centromere, e.g., q22, q32

10. Figure 1.11b The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) The Diploid Karyotype of a Normal Cell

11. 1.4 Chromosomes are altered in most types of cancer cells Cancer cells often exhibit: a. presence of extra copies of chromosome b. loss of entire chromosomes c. fusion of the arm of one chromosome with part of another d. aberrantly structured chromosomes

12. Figure 1.11c The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) The aneuploid karyotype of a human breast cancer cell Sidebar 1.3 Cancer cells are often aneuploid Euploidy – normal configuration (numbers & pairs) of chromosomes Aneuploidy – changes in chromosome number → acquisition of extra copies of one chromosome or the loss of another

13. Chromosomes may undergo changes in the structure : A-1. translocation A-2. reciprocal translocation Ph 1 The smaller of the two resulting abnormal chromosomes is called the Philadelphia chromosome, after the city where the abnormality was first recorded.

14. Figure 1.12d The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) B. deletion C. inversion M-band fluorescence in situ hybridization (mFISH) reveals (B) a deletion and (C) an insertion of a portion of chromosome 5

15. Figure 1.12a The Biology of Cancer (© Garland Science 2007) HSR D. amplification 1. HSR (homologously staining region) 2. DM (double minutes) - a segment of a chromosome is copied - a segment is cleaved out of a many times over, and the resulting chromosome, replicate as an extra copies may be fused head-to-tail autonomous, extrachromosomal in long arrays within a chromosomal entity, and increase to many segment copies per nucleus, resulting in the appearance of subchromosomal fragments

16. 1.5 Cancer-causing mutations occur in both the germ line and the soma germ cells ( 生殖細胞 ) – sperms & eggs - germline transmission of mutations soma ( 身體 ) – the animal or plant body as a whole with the exception of the sex cells - somatic mutations Some cancers are hereditary, but most are caused by somatic mutations.

17. You need to fully understand the following terms haploid, diplod karyotype allele homozygous, heterozygous genotype, phenotype dominant, recessive incomplete dominant co-dominance

18. haploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes are present in a single copy diploid – describing a genome in which all chromosomes are present in pairs, one of each pair being inherited from a father and the other from a mother, with the exception of the sex chromosomes, which in placental mammals are paired in either the XX or the XY configuration. karyotype – the array of chromosomes carried by a cell, as determined by detailed examination of these chromosomes, usually performed with condensed chromosomes at metaphase

19. allele – one alternative among different versions of a gene that may be defined by the phenotype that it creates, by the protein that it specifies, or by its nucleotide sequence homozygous – referring to the configuration of a genetic locus in which the two copies of the gene carry identical versions (alleles) of the gene heterozygous - referring to the configuration of a genetic locus in which the two copies of the gene carry different versions (alleles) of the gene

20. genotype – genetic constitution of an organism phenotype – a measurable or observable trait of an organism dominant – describing an allele of a gene that determines phenotype in spite of the presence of a 2nd gene allele that specifies a different phenotype recessive – referring to an allele of a gene that is unable to dictate phenotype when in the presence of a 2 nd allele that acts as dominantly