1. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exploring Lifespan Development Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Adulthood This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

2. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Senescence (biological aging) Influences Influences genetic genetic lifestyle lifestyle environment environment historical period historical period Multidimensional and multidirectional Multidimensional and multidirectional average lifespan increased 20–25 years over past century average lifespan increased 20–25 years over past century

3. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Theories of Biological Aging DNA-Cellular Level programmed effects of specific genes programmed effects of specific genes “aging genes” “aging genes” telomere shortening telomere shortening random events random events mutations and cancer mutations and cancer free radicals free radicals Organ/Tissue Level cross-linkage theory cross-linkage theory gradual failure of endocrine system gradual failure of endocrine system declines in immune system functioning declines in immune system functioning

4. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes Heart Heart few resting changes, lower performance under stress few resting changes, lower performance under stress hypertension, atherosclerosis hypertension, atherosclerosis diseases declining due to better lifestyle diseases declining due to better lifestyle Lungs Lungs Maximum vital capacity declines after age 25. Maximum vital capacity declines after age 25. Stiffness makes breathing harder with age. Stiffness makes breathing harder with age.

5. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Motor Performance in Adulthood Athletic skills peak between ages 20 and 35. Athletic skills peak between ages 20 and 35. decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then faster decline gradually until sixties or seventies, then faster Continued training slows loss. Continued training slows loss. keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed keep more vital capacity, muscle, response speed Sports and Recreation

6. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Immune System in Early Adulthood Declines after age 20 Declines after age 20 fewer T cells from shrinking thymus fewer T cells from shrinking thymus B cells don’t work as well without T cells B cells don’t work as well without T cells stress weakens immune response stress weakens immune response

7. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Reproductive Capacity Parenthood in twenties seen as ideal Parenthood in twenties seen as ideal Trend toward delaying childbirth Trend toward delaying childbirth Fertility problems increase with age. Fertility problems increase with age. Fertility drops sharply after age 44 for women. Fertility drops sharply after age 44 for women. Men show a gradual decrease in fertility. Men show a gradual decrease in fertility. RubberBall Productions

8. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Causes of Overweight Heredity Heredity Environmental pressures Environmental pressures cheap fat and sugar cheap fat and sugar supersize portions supersize portions busy lives (snacks, take- out) busy lives (snacks, take- out) Declining physical activity Declining physical activity ©Mariola Kraczowska/Dreamstime.com

9. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Overweight Health Problems Health Problems blood pressure, heart disease blood pressure, heart disease diabetes diabetes liver, gallbladder liver, gallbladder sleep, digestive sleep, digestive Social discrimination Social discrimination housing housing education, careers education, careers Mistreatment Mistreatment

10. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Treating Obesity Diet and exercise Diet and exercise Eating records Eating records Social support Social support Problem-solving skills Problem-solving skills Extended intervention Extended intervention Sports and Recreation

11. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Exercise Only one third get enough. Only one third get enough. at least 20 minutes of moderate exercise five or more days a week at least 20 minutes of moderate exercise five or more days a week more often, more vigorous is better more often, more vigorous is better About 40% of Americans are inactive. About 40% of Americans are inactive. women women low SES low SES Sports and Recreation

12. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Benefits of Exercise Reduces fat, builds muscle Reduces fat, builds muscle Boosts immune system, prevents some diseases Boosts immune system, prevents some diseases Cardiovascular benefits Cardiovascular benefits Mental health benefits Mental health benefits stress reduction stress reduction self-esteem self-esteem Longer life Longer life ©Simone Van Der Berg/Dreamstime.com

13. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Substance Use in Early Adulthood Peaks at 19–22 years, then declines Peaks at 19–22 years, then declines Up to 20% ages 21–25 are substance abusers Up to 20% ages 21–25 are substance abusers Cigarettes, alcohol most common Cigarettes, alcohol most common Drugs Drugs marijuana marijuana stimulants stimulants prescription drugs prescription drugs party drugs party drugs

14. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cigarette Smoking About 24% of U.S. adults About 24% of U.S. adults numbers slowly declining numbers slowly declining less with higher education, but many college students smoke less with higher education, but many college students smoke more women smoking more women smoking Most smokers start before age 21. Most smokers start before age 21. Deadly health risks Deadly health risks Hard to quit Hard to quit most in treatment programs restart most in treatment programs restart

15. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Alcohol Abuse in Early Adulthood 11% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers 11% of men, 3% of women are heavy drinkers about one-third are alcoholics about one-third are alcoholics Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism Genetic, cultural factors in alcoholism Causes mental, physical problems Causes mental, physical problems High social costs High social costs Treatment is difficult Treatment is difficult half relapse in months half relapse in months ©Ctacik/Dreamstime.com

16. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Heterosexual Sexual Activity in Early Adulthood Most have intercourse by age 25. Most have intercourse by age 25. Most sex in context of relationship Most sex in context of relationship 70% only one partner in past year 70% only one partner in past year partners similar to each other partners similar to each other Sex infrequent Sex infrequent only 1/3 twice a week or more only 1/3 twice a week or more more often in twenties, declines with age more often in twenties, declines with age Most are satisfied. Most are satisfied. over 80% of those in relationships over 80% of those in relationships

17. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Homosexuality/Bisexuality in Early Adulthood Public acceptance growing Public acceptance growing majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities majority say it’s “OK,” support civil liberties, job opportunities 2.8% of men, 1.4% of women 2.8% of men, 1.4% of women estimated 30% same-sex couples do not report estimated 30% same-sex couples do not report Similar behavior to heterosexuals Similar behavior to heterosexuals Live in larger cities, college towns Live in larger cities, college towns Gay Lifestyles

18. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dangers of Sex In the United States, 1 in 4 will contract an STD. In the United States, 1 in 4 will contract an STD. STDs STDs AIDS AIDS Sexual coercion Sexual coercion rape rape abuse abuse Lovers

19. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Related to Sexual Coercion Perpetrator Characteristics Cultural Forces believe traditional gender roles believe traditional gender roles approve violence against women; accept rape myths approve violence against women; accept rape myths perceive behavior inaccurately perceive behavior inaccurately history of own abuse, promiscuity history of own abuse, promiscuity alcohol abuse alcohol abuse men taught dominance, competition, aggression men taught dominance, competition, aggression women taught submission women taught submission acceptance of violence acceptance of violence aggressive pornography aggressive pornography

20. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Consequences of Rape and Sexual Abuse Trauma response Immediate shock Immediate shock Long-term problems Long-term problems depression depression social anxiety social anxiety substance abuse substance abuse Physical injury STDs General ill health Negative behaviors RubberBall Productions

21. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. PMS Physical and psychological symptoms Physical and psychological symptoms 6–10 days before period 6–10 days before period 40% have some PMS 40% have some PMS severe for 10–20% severe for 10–20% Genetic factors Genetic factors Diet, exercise, stress reduction, and meds can help many. Diet, exercise, stress reduction, and meds can help many.

22. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Stress Related to: Environment Environment Economic hardship Economic hardship Illness Illness Unhealthy behavior Unhealthy behavior Caused or worsened by: Low SES Low SES Challenges of early adulthood Challenges of early adulthood Stockbyte Royalty Free

23. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Fostering a Healthy Adult Life Healthy eating Healthy eating Keep fit Keep fit Maintain reasonable weight Maintain reasonable weight Control alcohol Control alcohol No smoking No smoking Responsible sex Responsible sex Manage stress Manage stress

24. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Cognitive Changes in Early Adulthood Piaget: postformal thought Piaget: postformal thought Perry: epistemic cognition Perry: epistemic cognition Labouvie-Vief: Labouvie-Vief: pragmatic thought pragmatic thought cognitive-affective complexity cognitive-affective complexity Teens and Young Adults

25. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dualistic thinking Dualistic thinking Relativistic thinking Relativistic thinking Commitment within relativistic thinking Commitment within relativistic thinking Development of Epistemic Cognition Challenges, opportunities to reflect, and peers all contribute to development.

26. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Development of Pragmatic Thought Adulthood brings the chance to solve real-world problems. Adulthood brings the chance to solve real-world problems. balancing roles balancing roles new ways of thinking new ways of thinking compromise compromise Cognitive-affective complexity grows. Cognitive-affective complexity grows. adult emotional intelligence adult emotional intelligence

27. Emotional intelligence (EI) Ability to recognize and deal with one’s feelings and the feelings of others Ability to recognize and deal with one’s feelings and the feelings of others More important for success than IQ More important for success than IQ

28. Those who succeed: Self-awareness (emotional awareness, accurate self- assessment, self-confidence) Self-management (self-control, trustworthiness, conscientiousness, adaptability, achievement drive, initiative) Social awareness (empathy, service orientation, organizational awareness) Relationship management (developing others, exerting influence, communication, conflict management, leadership, being catalyst for change, building bonds, teamwork and collaboration)

29. Those who succeed: Excelling in at least one of the competencies seems to be a key to success in any job! Emotional intelligence plays role in ability to acquire and use tacit knowledge. Related to Gardner’s intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences However, difficult to measure the concept of emotional intelligence

30. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Expertise and Creativity Expertise = acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field Expertise = acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field takes many years takes many years affects information processing affects information processing Effects on creativity Effects on creativity move to problem finding move to problem finding 10-year rule 10-year rule Creativity usually rises in early adulthood. Creativity usually rises in early adulthood. requires multiple qualities requires multiple qualities

31. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The College Experience Formative, influential “developmental testing ground” Formative, influential “developmental testing ground” Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns Exposure to new ideas, beliefs, demands leads to cognitive growth, new thinking patterns relativistic thinking relativistic thinking increased self-understanding increased self-understanding Depends on participation in campus life Depends on participation in campus life Photodisc Education 2

32. Education & Work College- limited by factors (SES, family history, parental support) Factors supportive of Adjusting to college Family and financial support Family and financial support Adaptable Adaptable High aptitude High aptitude Good problem solving Good problem solving Actively engaged in studies Actively engaged in studies Enjoy autonomous relationships with parents Enjoy autonomous relationships with parents Independent Independent Achievement orientated Achievement orientated Ability to build peer relationships Ability to build peer relationships

33. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Dropping Out of College 30–50% drop out 30–50% drop out Personal factors Personal factors preparation, motivation, skills preparation, motivation, skills financial problems, low SES financial problems, low SES Institutional factors Institutional factors little help, community little help, community cultural disrespect cultural disrespect Early support crucial Early support crucial Photodisc Education 2

34. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Periods of Vocational Development Fantasy period Fantasy period Tentative period Tentative period Realistic period Realistic period exploration exploration crystallization crystallization DigitalVision

35. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Factors Influencing Vocational Choice Personality Personality Family influences Family influences Teachers Teachers Gender stereotypes Gender stereotypes Access to vocational information Access to vocational information ©Markhunt/Dreamstime.com

36. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Personality Types and Vocational Choice Investigative Investigative Social Social Realistic Realistic Artistic Artistic Conventional Conventional Enterprising Enterprising Meetings & Presentations

37. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Vocational Preparation of Non-College-Bound U.S. high school graduates are poorly prepared to work. Lack vocational placement, counseling Lack vocational placement, counseling fewer opportunities than in past fewer opportunities than in past limited jobs limited jobs Work–study, apprenticeships can help Work–study, apprenticeships can help rare in the United States rare in the United States Europe has model systems. Europe has model systems.