1. f Eric Prebys Accelerator Physics and Educational Programs at Fermilab

2. f What do particle physicists do?  Particle physicists use high energy particles to study things far to small to be seen any other way  Find the smallest particles  Find the rules for how these particles behave  Recreate conditions as they were right after the Big Bang  The first “particle physics experiment” told Ernest Rutherford the structure of the atom (1911) Study the way radioactive particles “scatter” off of atoms 2 UT Austin Student Talk

3. f Accelerators allow us to probe down to a few trillionths of a second after the Big Bang! 3 UT Austin Student Talk

4. f What do accelerator physicists do?  Accelerator physicists design, build, and operate the machines that accelerate particles to high energies for use in:  Particle physics  Medicine: Cancer treatment Medical isotope production  Materials science and biophysics Study detailed structure of materials, cells, proteins, etc, using –Electrons –Protons –Neutrons –Photons  Industrial applications Electron welding Food sterilization Etc, etc, etc 4 UT Austin Student Talk

5. f Evolution of accelerators  The first “accelerators” were natural radioactive elements  The first man-made accelerators would fit on a table Berkley “cyclotron” (1930) 5 UT Austin Student Talk

6. f Things keep getting bigger  60” cyclotron (1935)  Berkeley and elsewhere  Fermilab  Built ~1970  Upgraded ~1985, ~1997  Most powerful accelerator in the world (for a bit longer) 6 UT Austin Student Talk

7. f Main Injector Linac Drift Tube Tevatron Cockcroft Walton The Fermilab accelerators Booster 7 UT Austin Student Talk

8. f The future: even bigger  CERN  On Swiss-French border  LEP  27 km in circumference!!  Built in 1980’s as an electron positron collider  Large Hadron Collider (LHC)  Built in LEP tunnel  About 7 times more energy that Fermilab  Started in 2008 Had some problems  Just restarted!! Come to my talk /LHC My House (1990-1992) 8 UT Austin Student Talk

9. f Other Accelerators: B-Factories - B-Factories collide e+e- at E CM = M(  (4S)). -Asymmetric beam energy (moving center of mass) allows for time- dependent measurement of B-decays to study CP violation. KEKB (Belle Experiment): - Located at KEK (Japan) - 8GeV e- x 3.5 GeV e+ - Peak luminosity 2E34 PEP-II (BaBar Experiment) - Located at SLAC (USA) - 9GeV e- x 3.1 GeV e+ - Peak luminosity 1E34 9 UT Austin Student Talk

10. f Major Accelerators: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider - Located at Brookhaven: - Can collide protons (at 28.1 GeV) and many types of ions up to Gold (at 11 GeV/amu). - Luminosity: 2E26 for Gold (??) - Goal: heavy ion physics, quark-gluon plasma, ?? 10 UT Austin Student Talk

11. f Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF)  Locate at Jefferson Laboratory, Newport News, VA  6GeV e- at 200 uA continuous current  Nuclear physics, precision spectroscopy, etc 11 UT Austin Student Talk

12. f Light Sources: Too Many too Count  Put circulating electron beam through an “undulator” to create synchrotron radiation (typically X-ray)  Many applications in biophysics, materials science, industry.  New proposed machines will use very short bunches to create coherent light. 12 UT Austin Student Talk

13. f Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge, TN A 1 GeV Linac will loads 1.5E14 protons into a non-accelerating synchrtron ring. These are fast- extracted to a liquid mercury target. This will happen at 60 Hz -> 1.4 MW Neutrons are used for biophysics, materials science, inductry, etc… 13 UT Austin Student Talk

14. f International Linear Collider (ILC)  Proposed “next big thing” in physics  30 km long, 250x250 GeV e+e-  Superconducting RF  Major push at Fermilab to host  Currently significant effort in  Photoinjector  Superconducting RF  Low Level RF (LLRF)  ect 14 UT Austin Student Talk

15. f Many uses outside of science UT Austin Student Talk 15

16. f Some challenges in the Field  Theoretical challenges:  Beam stability issues  Space charge  Halo formation  Computational challenges:  Accurate 3D space charge modeling  Monitoring and control.  Instrumentation challenges:  Correctly characterizing 6D phase space to compare to models.  Engineering challenges:  Magnets  RF  Cryogenics  Quality control/systems issues. 16 UT Austin Student Talk

17. f Accelerators as a Career: Pros  Accelerators are very complex, yet largely ideal, physical systems. Fun to play with.  Accelerators allow a close interaction with hardware (this is a plus or minus, depending on your taste).  Can make contributions to a broad range of physics programs, or even industry.  Many people end up doing a wide variety of things in their careers.  Still lots of small scale, short time, interesting things to be done.  Can be involved with HEP without joining a zillion member collaboration. 17 UT Austin Student Talk

18. f Accelerator Physics as a Career: Cons  Accelerator physics is not fundamental, in the sense that finding the Higgs or neutrino mass is.  Although it’s a vital part of that research  Accelerator physics is a means to an end, not an end in itself.  Limited faculty opportunities  That may be changing 18 UT Austin Student Talk

19. f The Problem  Although the need for accelerator physicists is growing, few schools offer specialized education in accelerator physics  Generally one undergrad class, and accelerator physics taught as part of particle physics in grad school.  Partial solution  US Particle Accelerator School (USPAS) Started in 1987 to address the shortage of accelerator physics classes Held twice a year (June and January) at varying host universities One and two week courses –Two weeks = one semester Open to both students and more senior people Some financial aid available 19 UT Austin Student Talk

20. f Sample USPAS Course Guide 20 UT Austin Student Talk

21. f Fermilab Accelerator PhD Program  Started in 1985 by Leon Lederman in response to diminishing number of students going into the field.  A student works with an advisor at his or her home institution and a local advisor at Fermilab.  After completing the formal course requirements at the home institution, the student comes to the lab to work on thesis research.  Fermilab pays for tuition, stipend, and housing allowance.  Degree is granted by home institution.  Fermilab PhD Committee regularly reviews progress. 21 UT Austin Student Talk

22. f Graduates  T. Koeth (Rutgers) 2009  R. Miyamoto (UT Austin)  A. Poklonsky (Michigan State) 2008  P. Yoon (Rochester) 2007  P. Snopok (Michigan State) 2007  B. Bordini (Pisa) 2006  X. Huang (Indiana) 2005  R. Zwaska (UT Austin) 2005  K. Bishofberger (UCLA) 2005  S. Seletskiy (Rochester) 2005  L. Nicolas (Glasgow) 2005  M. Alsharoa (IIT) 2005  L. Imbasciati (Vienna) 2003  V. Kashikhin (SRIEA, Russia) 2002  V. Wu (Cincinnati) 2001  J.-P. Carneiro (U. of Paris) 2001  M. Fitch (Rochester) 2000  O. Krivosheev (TPU, Russia) 1998  K. Langen (Wisconsin) 1997  E. Colby (UCLA) 1997  L. Spentzouris (Northwestern) 1996  D. Olivieri (Massachusetts) 1996  P. Chou (Northwestern) 1995  D. Siergiej (New Mexico) 1995  X. Lu (Colorado) 1994  W. Graves (Wisconsin) 1994  K. Harkay (Purdue) 1993  P. Zhou (Northwestern) 1993  T. Satogata (Northwestern) 1993  J. Palkovic (Wisconsin) 1991  P. Zhang (Houston) 1991  X. Wang (IIT) 1991  S. Stahl (Northwestern) 1991  L. Sagalofsky (Illinois) 1989  L. Merminga (Michigan) 1989  M. Syphers (Illinois - Chicago) 1987  First graduate  Co-wrote definitive textbook 22 UT Austin Student Talk

23. f New Program: Lee Teng Undergraduate Internship  Joint Program: Fermilab/Argonne National Accelerator Lab  First year: 2008  Like existing internships, but focused on accelerator physics  Under auspices of virtual “Illinois Accelerator Institute”  ~5 students at each lab  Joint selection process, after which program administered separately at the two labs  Program  Matched to existing SULI/IPM Program 10 weeks, ~June 1-> August 7 Includes 2 weeks at USPAS!!  Student works closely with a mentor on a predetermined project involving accelerator physics or related technology  Includes: Transportation to/from lab Lodging and daily transportation to work $450/wk stipend (including time at USPAS) Transportation, tuition, and board for USPAS  Eligible  Physics, Math, Engineering, or Computer Science majors at U.S. Universities (not necessarily U.S. citizens)  Juniors or outstanding Sophomores 23 UT Austin Student Talk

24. f 24 UT Austin Student Talk

25. f 2009 Interns FNAL ANL 20082009 Argonne66 FNAL55 Total offers1314 Rejections23 Males109 Females12 non-US32 Illinois schools52 Sophomores13 Juniors108 25 UT Austin Student Talk

26. f For more information  USPAS  http://uspas.fnal.gov/  Joint PhD program  http://phd.fnal.gov/  Lee Teng Internship  http://www.illinoisacceleratorinstitute.org  Or contact me  prebys@fnal.gov  http://home.fnal.gov/~prebys/ 26 UT Austin Student Talk