1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination Dependent clause: It has a subject and a verb, but is not a complete sentence (an independent clause) and cannot stand on its own.  Changing an independent clause to a dependent one is called subordinating.  You do this by adding a subordinating conjunction.  The subordinating conjunction can come at the beginning or end of the sentence.  If Caroline studies, she will pass the course.  Caroline forgets key ideas unless she studies.  To create dependent (or subordinate) clause, use subordinating conjunctions: afterbeforeso thatwhenever Althougheven thoughthoughwhere as ifunlesswhereas as ifin order that untilwhether becausesincewhenwhile

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Option 4: Using a Dependent Clause to Begin a Sentence  Two simple sentences: I was late for class. I locked my keys in my car. Change one into a beginning dependent clause: Because I locked my keys in my car, I was late for class. Option 5: Using a Dependent Clause to End a Sentence  Two simple sentences: I was late for class. I locked my keys in my car. Change one into a beginning dependent clause: I was late for class because I locked my keys in my car. Pages 411-413

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  You can combine two independent clauses by using a subordinating conjunction, which changes one independent clause into a dependent clause (or subordinate clause):  Example: My car had a flat tire. I was late for work.  Example dependent clause: When my car had a flat tire  Example sentence with dependent clause: When my car had a flat tire, I was late for work. ! Note in the previous example that when a dependent clause is at the beginning of a sentence, add a comma after it.  Pages 414-415

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentences: Subordination  Example: I was late for work. My car had a flat tire.  Example dependent clause: because my car had a flat tire  Example sentence with dependent clause: I was late for work because my car had a flat tire. !Note in the previous example that when a dependent clause is in the middle or end of a sentence, no comma is required. Pages 414-415

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Exercises Place commas where necessary in the following sentences. Q. Q.Although Frank studied math in college he is now the lead singer of a punk rock band. A.Although Frank studied math in college, he is now the lead singer in a punk rock band. Q.Before we have our party you should make the brownies. A.Before we have our party, you should make the brownies. Q.When my dog hears Beethoven he jumps in circles. A. When my dog hears Beethoven, he jumps in circles.

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Exercises Place commas where necessary in the following sentences. Q.Before the highway was widened there was a lot of traffic. A.Before the highway was widened, there was a lot of traffic. Q. When I go to the store I am always inclined to buy some form of chocolate. A.When I go to the store, I am always inclined to buy some form of chocolate.

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Exercises Place commas where necessary in the following sentences. Q.I enjoy the summertime when it’s warm outside. A.no comma needed Note: When it’s warm outside, I enjoy the summertime. Q.After we exercise at the gym let’s buy an Italian Ice and take a stroll along the South Beach boardwalk. A.After we exercise at the gym, let’s buy an Italian Ice and take a stroll along the South Beach boardwalk.

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Exercises Place commas where necessary in the following sentences. Q.As he calmly waited in line the person next to him jumped onto the counter at the fast-food restaurant. A.As he calmly waited in line, the person next to him jumped onto the counter at the fast-food restaurant. Q.When it is snowing outside my pet parrot likes to sing an old Dean Martin song. A.When it is snowing outside, my pet parrot likes to sing an old Dean Martin song.

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education  Chapter 18: Beyond the Simple Sentence: Subordination  Rules to Remember When you have two complete sentences and the subordinate clause (dependent) comes at the beginning of the sentence, you need a comma following the clause and an independent clause after the comma. Option 4 When you have an independent clause preceding a subordinate (dependent) clause, you do not need a comma. Option 5 Make sure you know which words are conjunctive adverbs used to separate two independent clauses with a semi-colon and which words are subordinating conjunctions used to create dependent clauses.