1. Symbiosis Brian O’Meara EEB464 Fall 2015 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dzWBEAhAY8

2. 1. Sea levels are rising due to global warming. Imagine a rugged landmass that will then be subdivided due to ocean barriers. How will this affect speciation, extinction, and diversification rates? Why? 2. How could a taphonomic bias affect our interpretation of Cope’s rule? 3. The appendix periodically gets inflamed and can even lead to death. Give a hypothesis for why humans have it and how you could test this hypothesis. 4. How could you test the idea that mosquitos evolved the ability to bite mammals due to natural selection? 5. What maintains an even sex ratio in many species? 6. Many species go through costly male competition: which male has the brightest tail, prettiest bower, loudest call. You watch a nature documentary that says this is for the good of the species, so that only the best males pass on their genes and so the species as a whole improves. Is this accurate? Why or why not? 7. Describe Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities and their importance. 8. Describe a major event in earth history and how life would be different today had it not happened.

3. Definitions of symbiosis Understanding how and why symbioses can change through time Making inferences about biology from graphs

4. Symbiosis = close, often long-lasting (for at least one partner) associations between organisms.

5. MutualismCommensalismParasitism Both benefit One benefits, one neutral One benefits, one loses Symbiosis

6. MutualismCommensalismParasitism Both benefit One benefits, one neutral One benefits, one loses + Benefit to less-helped host 0-

7. MutualismCommensalismParasitism Both benefit One benefits, one neutral One benefits, one loses + Benefit to less-helped host 0-

8. + 0-

9. + 0- Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long

10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4xrdeagyYM

11. + Benefit to less-helped host 0- Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark

12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLtUk-W5Gpk

13. + Benefit to less-helped host 0- Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark wasp-aphid

14. + Benefit to less-helped host 0 Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark wasp-aphid - predation

15. Merlin Crossley, http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.htmlhttp://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.html Martin Purvis, http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.htmlhttp://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/lyca/evagor.html

16. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

17. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae

18. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

19. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae

20. Pierce et al. The costs and benefits of cooperation between the Australian lycaenid butterfly, Jalmenus evagoras, and its attendant ants. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology (1987) vol. 21 (4) pp. 237-248

21. Ant attendance reduces predation on caterpillars/pupae Ants heavier after leaving the caterpillars/pupae Adults reared with ants smaller than ones reared without ants

22. + Benefit to less-helped host 0 Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark wasp-aphid - predation ant-butterfly (x-axis butterfly)

23. http://www.newscientist.com/articleimages/dn18439/0-zoologger-the-very-hungry-caterpillar-usurps-a-queen.html

24. Als et al. The evolution of alternative parasitic life histories in large blue butterflies. Nature (2004) vol. 432 (7015) pp. 386-390

25. + Benefit to less-helped host 0 Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark wasp-aphid - predation ant-butterfly (x-axis butterfly) butterfly-ant (x-axis ant)

26. http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/key_issues/climate_change/climate_change_and_the_great_barrier_reef/what_is_coral_bleaching

27. + Benefit to less-helped host 0 Duration of interaction for shorter-lived species Brief Life- long remora-shark wasp-aphid - predation ant-butterfly (x-axis butterfly) butterfly-ant (x-axis ant) coral-zooanthellae

28. Huelsenbeck et al. Statistical tests of host-parasite cospeciation. Evolution (1997) vol. 51 (2) pp. 410-419

29. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24