1. Industrialization 9-2

2. Manchester City in Northern England Center of Britain’s cotton industry 1760 - 45,000 people 1850 – 300,000 people Close to water power and labor

3. Urbanization City building and the movement of people to cities Cities triple or quadruple in size

4. Factory System Manufacturing goods in a central location Brings waves of people to city in search of jobs

5. Living Conditions No city building plans, sanitary codes, building codes, adequate housing, education Little to no police protection Garbage piles up in streets Whole families live in one bedroom

6. Living Conditions Disease spreads quickly – cholera epidemics Average life span – 17 years for working class (38 for rural area)

7. Elizabeth Gaskell Writes Mary Barton (1848) describing life in Manchester slum

8. Working Conditions 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week Constant threat of injury or death No aid programs for injured Coal miners life span 10 years shorter than average

9. Middle Class Social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

10. Class Tensions Merchants & factory owners in suburbs Enormous amounts of money being made – not by factory workers

11. Luddites Groups of poor factory workers that would attack whole factories in an attempt to destroy the machines taking their jobs Riots occur – poor living and working conditions

12. Positive Effects Creates jobs Nations becomes wealthier Technical progress and invention Goods raise standard of living Provides hope of improvement in peoples lives

13. Long Term Effects People in industrialized countries can afford consumer goods Living & working conditions are improved because of 19 th century workers