1. Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman

2. Background Information Transcendentalists were: Inspired by the rebellious spirit of American revolutionaries (think Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson) Desired to break free from the strict principles of Puritanism Believed in the power of nature and the human spirit, especially intuition

3. What is Transcendentalism? A philosophy that stresses the following: Individuality, celebrating/being yourself Appreciating Nature Nonconformity & Self-Reliance: follow your heart, not society’s rules Standing up for what is right Simplicity, cutting out material goods, stress Seizing the day & living life to the fullest!

4. Key Ideas Return to Nature Desire to lead “The Simple Life” Nonconformity Celebration of the Individual Uniqueness of Every Human Being

5. Key Players Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman

6. Ralph Waldo Emerson 1803-1882 The “Father” of the transcendentalist movement Son of a minister, he became one himself Like Poe, he suffered losses of loved ones Considered the spiritual voice of his generation

7. Emerson’s “Self-Reliance” This famous essay is full of “aphorisms,” or short statements expressing a general truth about life Some memorable aphorisms: “To be great is to be misunderstood.” “Envy is ignorance” “Imitation is suicide.” “Trust thyself.” “Good men must not obey the laws too well.”

8. Key Themes in “Self Reliance” Trust yourself/be a nonconformist Don’t worry too much about consistency

9. Literary Terms for Emerson Aphorism - a short statement of general truth or wisdom about life Nonconformist - one who does not follow generally accepted beliefs, customs or practices Essay - brief nonfiction article that expresses an opinion on a subject Paradox - statement that seems to be contradictory or ridiculous but is nevertheless true

10. Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862 Student of Emerson’s Nonconformist who stood up for his beliefs Sought the simple life in a cabin in MA Influenced many in anti- slavery movement Died of TB

11. Thoreau on Reform Believed reform starts with the individual People should follow their conscience and not necessarily follow laws, because laws can be unjust Recall “Dance Ban” video, if applicable

12. Thoreau at Walden Pond Believed in leading a “simple” life, away from the hustle and bustle of our industrially advancing society Believed in living by his own values, not society’s materialistic values Conducted an “experiment” in which he lived in a cabin he built by hand for over 2 years Kept a journal detailing his thoughts and experiences, hoping to achieve personal growth and insight Left the woods b/c he had more living to do

13. Thoreau on Walden: “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately…and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.” “I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life.” “Heaven is under our feet as well as over our heads.”

14. Thoreau & Voluntary Simplicity Influenced people seeking solitude & desire to get away from stress and live uncluttered lives “Our life is frittered away by detail.” “Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity!” “Do not trouble yourself much to get new things, whether clothes or friends.”

15. Thoreau & Nonconformity Went to jail for refusing to pay a tax which indirectly supported slavery Refused to wear Harvard uniform Refused to punish his students physically “The surface of the earth is soft and impressible by the feet of men; and so with the paths which the mind travels. How worn and dusty must be the highways of the word, how deep the ruts of tradition and conformity!”

16. Thoreau’s Motivational Words: “[Advance] confidently in the direction of [your] dreams…live the life which [you] have imagined, [and you will meet with success.] “If you have built castles in the air, your work need not be lost; that is where they should be. Now put the foundations under them…”

17. Thoreau on Living Life to the Fullest “I did not wish to take a cabin passage, but rather to go before the mast and on the deck of the world, for there I could best see the moonlight…I do not wish to go below now.”

18. Thoreau’s Critics Some criticize Thoreau because: He only spent one night in jail, and only because the warden had already gone home He wrote about experiences in the wild, when in fact he was only 1/2 mile from town, and he frequently visited & dined with friends

19. Thoreau to Know: Works by Thoreau: Civil Disobedience Walden Words to Know Conscientious - guided by conscience; honest Nature writing - a type of essay in which the writer uses firsthand observations to explore the mysteries of the human relationship with nature

20. Walt Whitman Poetry was revolutionary; didn’t follow traditional “rules” Many traditional writers and audiences found his poetry offensive because of the form and the content He was a patriot who loved to celebrate America and its people Works - I Hear America Singing, Song of Myself, and I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer, and I Sit and Look Out

21. Whitman Toolbox Words to Know: Form - (or structure) in poetry is the way a poem is organized. Conventional form follows fixed rules, and organic form is irregular and mimics natural speech Free verse - Organic form of poetry without regular patterns of rhyme and meter Repetition - recurrence of words, phrases or lines Catalog - lists of people, things or qualities Parallelism - related ideas are phrased in similar ways

22. Nonfiction Texts Primary Sources Offer direct, first- hand knowledge of something, like a diary, journal, memoir, autobiography, interview, personal history, or archival document (transcript, official records) Secondary Sources Offer indirect, second-hand knowledge, like a summary, textbook, encyclopedia