1. Overview of AQ data sources in ambient conditions mapping context Chris McLinden and Robert Vet Contributors: Yves Rochon, Mike Moran, Ray Nassar, Randall Martin, David Anselmo, and others from AQRD, CRD, & CMC 16 January 2012

2. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Introduction Platforms: -Ground-based (stationary and mobile) -In-situ or point measurements -Remote sensing from below -Aircraft and balloon -In-situ (mostly) and remote sensing -Satellite – remote sensing from above

3. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Introduction Overview of some sources and databases -North American air and precip surface data -Some ground-based remote sensing networks -WOUDC (ground-based and ozonesondes) -Greenhouse Gases (sources other than satellites) -Emission measurements -Satellites

4. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Sources of North American Air and Precipitation Data (ground-based in-situ and point measurements) Canadian Data –National Atmospheric Chemistry (NAtChem) Database and Analysis Facility (www.ec.gc.ca/natchem/) ▪Air and precipitation chemistry data from major regional-scale networks in North America in standard format and web accessible –Canada-Wide Air Quality System (CWAQS) Database U.S. Data available from the US EPA –Air Quality System (AQS) CMC archiving of surface AQ observation data (NRT)

5. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Data  Precipitation Chemistry  CAPMoN, Provincial, Mercury Deposition Network (Canada)  U.S. NADP (archived but not downloadable)  Air Quality  Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (acidifying PM and gases)  Total Gaseous Mercury and Mercury Speciation (soon)  Canadian Arctic Aerosol Chemistry Program (aerosol speciation)  Canadian Arctic Northern Contaminants Program (hazardous air pollutants)  Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (toxics)  Canadian Baseline Measurement Program (greenhouse gases)  Canadian Aerosol Baseline Measurements (Arctic aerosol composition, number, scattering and absorption)  Historical networks and special studies including Pacific 2001, CARE NMHCs, Nitrogen Scoping Study National Atmospheric Chemistry Database and Analysis Facility (NAtChem)

6. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Canada-Wide Air Quality System Database for NAPS Data Under development for the federal-provincial National Air Pollution Surveillance Network (NAPS) Largely urban air quality data Criteria Air Contaminants: SO 2, NO/NO x, CO, PM 2.5 and O 3 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PACs) Turn-on date unknown NAPS data can currently be obtained by contacting Jean-Pierre Charland of AAQS

7. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 United States Air Quality System (AQS) for U.S. Data All U.S. network air quality data http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/ (Air Quality System) http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/ Available data: –State compliance monitoring data –Special Network data ▪IMPROVE (PM speciation, visibility) ▪CASTNET (PM and gas speciation, ozone) For other content of EPA Technology Transfer Network (e.g. emission inventories) see –http://www.epa.gov/ttn/http://www.epa.gov/ttn/

8. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Example: 2006 AQ Data Availability North American data compiled for the 2006 AURAMS evaluation and the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMII) Slides provided by Mike Moran and data compiled by Qiong Zheng Data integration is time consuming and requires a knowledge of measurement methods

9. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American AQ Data Availability - 2006

10. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American PM 2.5 Mass Sites - 2006

11. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 CMC archiving of surface obs data Since 2007 under AIRNow (with some data prior) Clients/users –AQHI national forecast program (Canadian data) –UMOS (Canadian data) –Model verification (Canadian and US data) –Objective analysis system for surface pollutants (Can. and US) Canadian sources –Metro Vancouver (DRDAS) BC MoE (DRDAS) –Alberta Env (9 air sheds, CASA server) Ontario MoE (DRDAS) –Saskatchewan Env (DRDAS) CAPMoN –Manitoba Conservation (moving to DRDAS) –Ville de Montréal & Québec MDDEP (via Québec Region) –New Brunswick, PEI, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland (via Atlantic Region) Courtesy of D. Anselmo and A. Robichaud

12. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Canadian sources –Format: AIRNow ‘OBS’ ASCII –Species: O 3, PM 2.5, PM 10, NO2, SO 2, H 2 S, TRS, CO, NO Stns: 175, 165, 35, 135, 70, 5, 20, 30, 75 –Hourly observations processed in NRT at 40 mins past hour US sources –From AIRNow Gateway: www.airnowgateway.org www.airnowgateway.org –Format: ‘AQCSV’ ASCII (improvement over ‘OBS’) –Species: Primarily O 3 and PM 2.5 ▪Includes other pollutants and meteorology for select stations –Availability in NRT: ~80% after 1 hour; ~95% after 2 hour Also archived/acquired: Canadian Brewer UV and total column ozone, MODIS (2007+) and GOME-2 (2010+) satellite data CMC archiving of surface obs data Courtesy of D. Anselmo and A. Robichaud

13. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Ground-based remote sensing - Aeronet A global sunphotometer network providing aerosol optical depth at several wavelengths between 340 and 1640 nm (Aerocan is Canadian network, 19 sites, part of Aeronet) Data record 1993-present at http://aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov/ (http://www.aerocanonline.com/templates/nature/index.html) Data synergy tools available online Aeronet Stations CIMEL sunphotometer In Arctic

14. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Ground-based remote sensing - Other CoralNET (Canadian Operational Research Aerosol Lidar Network): -EC Lidar network, late 2000s to 2011 (contact K. Strawbridge) -measures the aerosol backscatter coefficient (optical parameter) at two wavelengths (1064nm and 532nm) -near ground to 15 km (3 m vertical resolution), every 10 s FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer): -provides total and/or partial column of species such as NO, NO 2, O 3, CO, CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4, HNO 3, others… -EC has data from Eureka and CARE (Egbert) -Multiple international FTIR networks, including NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change), http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/http://www.ndsc.ncep.noaa.gov/

15. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 WOUDC World Ozone and Ultraviolet Data Centre Database containing long-term, global Dobson and Brewer total ozone column and ozonesonde data http://www.woudc.org/index_e.html Maintained by EC Link to EC ozonesonde based climatologies Link to historical and NRT total column ozone maps constructed for multiple sources Ozonesonde Locations

16. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Greenhouse Gas Data Data sources analogous to air quality gases: surface networks (in-situ and remote), aircraft, satellite - NOAA oversees global network of surface stations (flasks, towers, …) and hosts data centre (http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/) including CarbonTracker and GLOBALVIEW productshttp://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/ - Other providers: EC, CSIRO, JMA, Universities, Euro organizations NOAA ESRL Cooperative Measurement Programs - TCCON – Total Column Carbon Observing Network: Network of FTIRs focusing on CO 2 and CH 4 www.tccon.caltech.edu www.tccon.caltech.edu

17. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Were reviewed in 2005 NARSTO Assessment “Improving Emission Inventories for Effective Air Quality Management Across North America” They are:  Uncommon  Difficult to make Emissions measurements Courtesy of M. Moran

18. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Direct – Eddy correlation flux measurements – Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS) – Portable emissions measurement systems – Dilution tunnel sampling – Mobile laboratories as chase vehicles Indirect – Roadway tunnel studies – Remote sensing (e.g., NDIR, FTIR, DOAS,...) – Mobile laboratories for vehicle fleet studies – Onboard sensors (individual vehicles) – Aircraft plume measurements Emission measurement techniques Courtesy of M. Moran

19. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012

21. Present GG satellite instruments InstrumentData avail Latitudinal coverage Vertical sensitivity HIRS1978-20S-20NUpper trop ~10 km AIRS2002-80S-80NUpper trop SCIAMACHY2003-60S-80N landTotal column ACE-FTS2004-82S-82N sparse 5-100 km,  3 km TES2006-40S-40NMid trop ~5 km IASI2007-20S-20NUpper trop, ~12 km TANSO-FTS (GOSAT) 2009-60S-80N land 25S-25N ocean Total column, Upper trop All are nadir except ACE which is occultation (limb) Courtesy: Polavarapu and Nassar

22. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Future GG satellite instruments InstrumentData avail Latitudinal coverage Vertical sensitivity IASI/ Metop-B,C 2012- 2016- 20S-20NUpper trop, ~12 km OCO-22014-~80N-80STotal column TanSat2015-~80N-80STotal column CarbonSat2018-~80N-80STotal column PHEMOS-FTS2018-50N-80N landTotal column Upper trop CO2 Lidar ASCENDS 2020-~90N-90STotal column Info courtesy of Ray Nassar

23. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 Emission inventories: Example of choices - GHG Emission inventories: – CO 2 information  16 global (surface; monthly, 3 hourly or annually)  2 global-3D (Nassar et al.; monthly)  1 US (~10 km, 3 hourly)  1 Canada (Nassar et al., in preparation) – CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CO, NH 3, … : 1 global (EDGAR) Info courtesy of Ray Nassar

24. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 EXTRAS

25. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 United States AQS: A caution… http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/ AQS has codes for measurement parameters, units and methods There can be multiple codes for each measurement, e.g., PM2.5 data may have multiple codes for parameter, unit and method Data and codes must be evaluated and combined when using the data

26. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American SO 2 Monitoring Sites - 2006

27. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American O 3 Monitoring Sites - 2006

28. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American NO 2 Monitoring Sites - 2006

29. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American CO Monitoring Sites - 2006

30. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American HNO 3 Monitoring Sites - 2006

31. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American Speciated PM 2.5 Sites - 2006

32. AQ Data Assimilation and Fusion – 16-17 January 2012 North American 2006 Precipitation-Chemistry Sites