1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007 Purpose of This Course –“BI101 provides the opportunity for nonscience majors to learn, by participating in lectures and laboratories, the biological concepts and material that the Biology Department faculty deems most critical to any educated individual. In short, if you only take a single Biology course while at Western Oregon University, this is it!!” (BI101 Syllabus, Spring 2007) Topics to be Covered: –Nature of Science Ch1 –Evolution Ch14-17 –Diversity Ch18-23 –Ecology Ch39-41

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007 Course Mechanics READ YOUR SYLLABUS!!!! Key Points: –Lab & LectureLab Attendance (position in LACC) –Exam Dates & Grading (last term’s grades) –Final Exam Date & Time NO ALTERNATIVES Dept Policy Incomplete How to Succeed –At least 2 hrs of study for every 1 hr in class (5 hrs in class) –Be Able to WRITE the Answers to the Study Questions FROM MEMORY

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. What is Science? One Process of Knowing –Not the Only Way of Knowing –One Part of Each Individual’s “Metaphysic” Based on Three Assumptions –A Universe is Out There –It Operates According to Constant Rules –We Can Discover the Nature of the Universe and Its Rules Results in Models of the Universe & Its Rules –NOT the Universe –Analogous to a Map Theory = Scientific Model –Best Map Provides Most Accurate Predictions of the Terrain –Best Theories Make the Most Accurate, Dependable and Encompassing Predictions Importance of Probability & Statistics –Best Theory Predicts What Happens Most Often –Exceptions Weaken, but do Not Invalidate, the Theory Not Anecdotal

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. “The Scientific Method” Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment –Variables Controlled Independent Dependent –Experimental Situation vs Control Situation Analysis Conclusion Communication

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Biology Characteristics of Organisms Are Viruses Alive? Hierarchy of Organisms Classification of Organisms

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Evolution is a Theory (as is gravity) Summary of Darwin’s Theory: O1 – exponential population growth O2 – resources are limited OO3 – more born than survive to reproduce I1 – individuals compete for resources O4 – there is variability among the individuals in a population O5 – some variability is inherited I2 – some inherited variability will improve an individual’s chances of surviving to reproduce I3 – over generations, population will be of individuals with the favorable variants

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION Common Ancestry –(not man descended from apes) Descent with Modification

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION Natural Selection Produces Variation Organisms Produce the Needed Traits Evolution Produces Increasingly More Perfect Organisms

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10. Chapter 14 Principles of Evolution How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve? Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution Exploration of New Lands: Staggering Diversity of Life Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time –Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (p. 266) –Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) –Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.1 14.1.1 Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution 14.1.2 Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life 14.1.3 Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time –Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (p. 266) –Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) –Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267)

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13. eggs in nest fossilized feces (coprolites) bones footprints skin impression

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15. 14.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve? 14.1.4 Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary Explanations for Fossils 14.1.5 A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved 14.1.6 Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old 14.1.7 Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for Evolution 14.1.8 Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution –Figure 14.4 Darwin’s finches, residents of the Galapagos Islands (p. 269) –Figure E14.1 A painting of Charles Darwin as a young man (p. 270) –Figure E14.2 One species of Galapagos island tortoise (p. 271)

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Large ground finch, beak suited to large seeds Small ground finch, beak suited to small seeds Warbler finch, beak suited to insects Vegetarian tree finch, beak suited to leaves

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19. 14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? Figure 14.5 A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning (p. 272)

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Relatively constant resources and population size over time Potential for rapid reproduction Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Observation Conclusion based on observation

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Relatively constant resources and population size over time Potential for rapid reproduction Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Observation Conclusion based on observation

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? 14.2.1 Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance 14.2.2 Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time –Figure 14.6 The evolution of the horse (p. 272)

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 35 50 25 5 1 0 Merychippus Hyracotherium Mesohippus Hipparion AnchitheriumArchaeohippus Pliohippus Equus Paleotheres grazing millions of years ago tooth forefoot browsing

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? 14.3.1 Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change Over Time 14.3.2 Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification –14.3.2.1 Homologous Structures Provide Evidence of Common Ancestry Figure 14.7 Homologous structures (p. 274)

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Pterodactyl Bird Bat Dolphin Seal Dog SheepShrew humerus ulna metacarpals phalanges radius carpals Human GRASPING RUNNING SWIMMING FLYING

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? –14.3.2.2 Functionless Structures Are Inherited from Ancestors Figure 14.8 Vestigial structures (p. 275)

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Salamander Baleen whale Boa constrictor

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? –14.3.2.3 Some Anatomical Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments Figure 14.9 Analogous structures (p. 276)

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30. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? 14.3.3 Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry –Figure 14.10 Embryological stages reveal evolutionary relationships (p. 276)

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32. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? 14.3.4 Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? 14.4.1 Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms –Figure 14.11 Dog diversity illustrates artificial selection (p. 277)

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35. 14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? 14.4.2 Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today –14.4.2.1 When Fewer Predators Are Present, Brighter Coloration Can Evolve –14.4.2.2 Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide Resistance –14.4.2.3 Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural Selection –14.4.2.4 Selection Acts on Random Variation to Favor the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.5 A Postscript by Charles Darwin

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