2. 4 minute Affirmative Constructive This speech is prepared ahead, rehearsed and should be perfectly timed. It is a presentation of the affirmative's position and establishes his/her stance.

3. 2 minute Negative Cross Examination The Negative asks for clarification, asks for repetition of certain points, and tries to set up the affirmative to admit damaging information.

4. 4 minute Negative Constructive/ Rebuttal This speech really has two parts: The first part is a written, rehearsed speech that builds the negative case and is about four minutes long. In the second part, the negative must attack his/her opponent's points. The attack takes the last three minutes.

5. 2 minute Affirmative Cross Examination Now it's the affirmative's turn to question the negative, asking for clarification and trying to lead him/her down an ivy-covered path to destruction.

6. 2 minute Affirmative Reconstructive/Rebuttal The affirmative doesn't have much time here, so she/he has to talk fast. She/he must go down the flow (outline) of the argumentation, hitting any arguments against her/his own case and then attacking each of her/his opponent's arguments. Again, two parts: Rebuild and Attack.

7. 4 minute Negative Reconstructive/ Rebuttal This speech has three parts: Rebuild, Attack and Crystallize : About one or two minutes to rebuild any arguments against the negative's own case; one or two minutes to attack the affirmative; and one or two minutes to summarize the voting issues for the judge.

8. 2 minute Affirmative Reconstructive/Rebuttal This is a very short speech--time only to argue the most important points, attack the negative's voting issues, and crystallize the affirmative's own voting points.

9.  Your audience is usually only one person--the JUDGE. If you don't make the judge respect you, you don't win the round.  Try to figure out what the judge will respect, and give it to her/him. Most judges like friendly, helpful kids who act as if they enjoy debating. Judges can be coaches, teachers, former debaters, community leaders, or parents.  Judging is hard. A judge has to listen carefully, take good notes, and sometimes give time signals all at the same time.  Just like students in a classroom, judges have other things on their minds that sometimes cause their attention to waiver. Therefore, plan to repeat yourself. Just because you said something once does not mean that the judge heard it.  The judge will fill out a BALLOT explaining the debate and why she/he made the decision about who won.

10. The judge and both debaters will outline everything that is said in the round. This outline is called in debate jargon a FLOW. The paper is called a FLOW CHART. Each person's flow chart will look a bit different, but it should be neat and easily read. AC (6 min. speech) V: C: 1 2 3 NC (3-4 min. speech) V: C: 1 2 1AR Rebuild your case and answer attacks (2 min.) NR Attack (2 min.) Rebuild (2 min.) AR Brief attack of NR position Brief support of Aff side Notes on cross ex period NC (2 nd part) Attack on AC (line by line, 3-4 min.) 1AR Attack NC line by line (2 min.) Crystallize the round Give VOTERS (2 min.) Crystallize Give VOTERS

11.  When you go into the round, the judge will sit in a student desk in the center of the room. The affirmative will use a desk in the front left; the negative will use a desk in the front right, although this is not a rule.  You can rearrange the desks a bit for your comfort, just put them back before you leave the room. You can take a bottle of water, but no food or drinks.  Be pleasant and nice to your opponent, but be a bit suspicious until you know them. A few debaters can be sneaky and mean. Don't tell them anything that you don't want used against yourself or your team.  The judge will ask you for your school code, name, and what side you're on. The school code is assigned at registration. Sometimes they will want you to write this on the board; sometimes they will ask you to fill out the top of the ballot with this information; sometimes they will just ask you casually.

12.  You should already have preflowed your own speech on your flowchart before going into round.  In the few minutes before the round starts, you can organize your flowchart, take out any note cards you might need, and focus your attention on your particular stance.  The affirmative will stand, make eye contact with the judge to make certain he/she is ready, and read his/her speech.  Debaters typically keep their own time on a stop watch  At the end of the speech, he/she will say, "I now stand ready for cross examination." The negative will rise, stand beside the affirmative and begin to ask cross examination questions.  They do not look at each other. Instead they look at the judge.

13.  Each debater will have 4 minutes of Preparation Time that they can take whenever they like.  Usually the negative takes 2 minutes his/her cross-ex and then another 2 minutes his second speech.  Usually the affirmative takes 2 minutes before each of his/her rebuttal speeches.  The negative will then ROAD MAP for the judge what he/she intends to do. He/she will say, "I will first read the negative case and then attack my opponent's ridiculous position." (Not really-- don't really say "ridiculous"--just think it.)  Then he/she will read the four minute speech. Next he/she will say, "I will now turn to my opponent's case." Turning to the flow pad, he/she will attack all the points made by the affirmative, showing why his case is better.  Any points he fails to attack are considered dropped and are given to the other side.  MOST COMMON NOVICE ERROR : Failing to attack your opponent's case!

14.  Now the debate goes back and forth in the same manner. When it's over, shake hands with your opponent, thank the judge for judging and leave the room.  Both opponents should go out together. It is considered bad form for one to leave before the other.  The judge stays behind to make his decision (or s/he may give oral critiques). Be careful of what you say when you leave the room. If the judge hears you say that you think you lost, it might persuade him that you did.