1. B5

2. Macronutrients chemical substances that are required in relatively large amounts (>0.005% body weight) proteins, carbohydrates, fats sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, sulfur and chlorine Micronutrients required in very small amounts by the body (<0.005% body weight) vitamins and trace minerals such as iron, copper, zinc, iodine, selenium, cobalt and manganese many are cofactors (essential non-protein component of enzymes) in enzymes

3. all are micronutrients soluble in… (remember “like dissolves like”) water have many polar functional groups vitamins B and C fat (insoluble in water) mostly non-polar hydrocarbons vitamins A, D, E, and K

4. Vitamin A (retinol) insoluble in water only one “spot” where hydrogen bonding can occur with water

5. Vitamin D (calciferol) insoluble in water only one place for hydrogen bonding

7. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) soluble in water many polar –OH groups lots of places for hydrogen bonding to occur

8. Compare the structures of the previous three vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin C

9. DeficiencyEffect iron anemia (insufficient O2 transported) iodine goiter (enlarged thyroid) vitamin Cscurvy (bleeding lesions, rotten gums) vitamin Drickets (softening of the bones) proteinmarasmus (growth retardation and wasting) and Kwasiorkor

11. Solutions? providing food rations composed of vitamin and mineral enriched foods adding nutrients to commonly consumed foods genetic modified food providing nutritional supplements