1. 1ο Σεμινάριο ακαδημαϊκού έτους 2012-13 Διεθνείς Ταξινομήσεις (Rankings) και Ελληνικά Πανεπιστήμια: Θεωρητικοί Προβληματισμοί και η Ελληνική Πραγματικότητα Διονύσης Κλάδης Πανεπιστήμιο Πελοποννήσου 22 Σεπτεμβρίου 2012 ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΠΕΛΟΠΟΝΝΗΣΟΥ ΤΟΜΕΑΣ ΚΟΙΝΩΝΙΟΛΟΓΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΣΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΚΠΑΙΔΕΥΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ

2. ABOUT RANKINGS THE THREE MOST INFLUENTIAL WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS PROVIDING LEAGUE TABLES… 1.Academic Ranking of World Universities By Centre for World-Class Universities & Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China http://www.shanghairanking.com 2.World University Rankings By Times Higher Education (THE) (till 2009 in cooperation with Quacquarelli Symonds and since 2010 in cooperation with Thomson Reuters) http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings 3.QS World University Rankings By US News and World Report in cooperation with Quacquarelli Symonds) http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university- rankings  Plus 2 more

3. ABOUT RANKINGS …PLUS TWO MORE 4.Webometrics Ranking of World Universities By Cybermetrics Lab. of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Spain http://www.webometrics.info 5.World University Rankings by Reputation By Times Higher Education (THE) (in partnership with Thomson Reuters) http://www.timeshighereduction.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011- 2012/reputation-rankings.html For a general information on university rankings, see: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings For the most recent review of university rankings, see: “Global University Rankings and Their Impact”, EUA Publications, Brussels, 2011 http://eua.be/pubs/Global_University_Rankings_and_Their_Impact.pdf

4. RANKINGS AND METHODOLOGIES Indicators Webometrics 1. size of university web: number of pages recovered from: Google, Yahoo, Live Search and Exalead (10%) 2. visibility: total number of unique external links received (inward links) that have been obtained from Yahoo Search (50%) 3. rich files: number of Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), Adobe PostScript (.ps), Microsoft Word (.doc) and Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt) (10%) 4. scholar: number of papers and citatins extracted from Google Scholar (30%) Indicators Shanghai 1. alumni winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (10%) 2. staff winning Nobel Prizes and Fields Medals (20%) 3. highly cited researchers (top 200) in 21 broad subject categories (20%) 4. papers published in Nature and Science (20%)* 5. papers indexed in Science Citation Index-expanded and in Social Science Citation Index (20%) 6. per capita academic performance calculated from indicators 1-5 (10%) * For social sciences and humanities the weight of indicator 4 is relocated to other indicators

5. RANKINGS AND METHODOLOGIES Indicators THE 1. research income from industry per faculty (2,5%) 2. international faculty (3%) and international students (2%) 3. teaching – the learning environment (30%), including reputation survey on teaching (15%) 4. research – volume, income, reputation (30%), including reputation survey on research (19,5%) 5. citation – research influence (32,5%) Indicators QS 1. academic peer review survey (40%) 2. employer review survey (10%) 3. faculty-student ratio (20%) 4. citations per academic staff (20%) 5. international faculty (5%) 6. international students (5%)

6. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Harvard US12221 Stanford US221135 MIT US37312 Berkeley US4102154 Cambridge UK561163 CALTEC US61121310 Princeton US7513397 Columbia US812101223 Chicago US9982915 Oxford UK1045276 Yale US11 4289 UCLA US1213341412 Cornell US132015416 Pennsylvania US141691022

7. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 2 (THE1) 1 (ARWU) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) CALTEC US16121310 Harvard US21221 Stanford US321135 Oxford UK4105276 Princeton US5713397 Cambridge UK651163 MIT US73312 Imperial College UK8246<10011 Chicago US9982915 Berkeley US1042154 Yale US11 4289 Columbia US128101223 UCLA US1312341412 Johns Hopkins US1418161514

8. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 3 (QS) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Cambridge UK156163 Harvard US21221 MIT US33712 Yale US411 289 Oxford UK5104276 Imperial College UK6248<10011 University College UK720174619 Chicago US8992915 Pennsylvania US914161022 Columbia US10812 23 Stanford US112335 CALTEC US12611310 Princeton US1375397 Michigan US1422182213

9. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 4 (WEB) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 5 (THE2) MIT US13732 Harvard US21221 Stanford US32335 Cornell US413201516 Berkeley US541054 Michigan US622181413 Wisconsin Madison US719274125 Washington US816255626 Minnesota US9284210243 Pennsylvania US101416922 Texas Austin US1135297631 Columbia US128 1023 CALTEC US13611210 UCLA US1412133412

10. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 5 (THE2) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) Harvard US11222 MIT US23731 Cambridge UK356116 Berkeley US4410215 Stanford US523113 Oxford UK6104527 Princeton US7751339 Tokyo Japan821262534 Yale US911 428 CALTEC US10611213 Imperial College UK112486<100 UCLA US12 3414 Michigan US132215/16146 Johns Hopkins US1418141615

11. COMPARING RANKINGS (ARWU) Universities20082009201020112012 Harvard US11111 Stanford US22322 MIT US55433 Berkeley US33244 Cambridge UK44555 CALTEC US66666 Princeton US88777 Columbia US77888 Chicago US99999 Oxford UK10 Yale US11 UCLA US13 12 Cornell US12 13 Pennsylvania US15 14

12. COMPARING RANKINGS (THE1) Universities20082009201020112012 CALTEC US21 Harvard US12 Stanford US43 Oxford UK74 Princeton US55 Cambridge UK66 MIT US37 Imperial College UK98 Chicago US129 Berkeley US810 Yale US1011 Columbia US1812 UCLA US1113 Johns Hopkins US1314

13. COMPARING RANKINGS (QS) Universities20082009201020112012 Cambridge UK32112 Harvard US11223 MIT US99531 Yale US23347 Oxford UK45/6655 Imperial College UK65/6766 University College UK74474 Chicago US87888 Pennsylvania US111211912 Columbia US1011?1011 Stanford US1716?1115 CALTEC US51091210 Princeton US12810139 Michigan US1819151417

14. COMPARING RANKINGS (WEB) Universities20082009201020112012 MIT US12 Harvard US21 Stanford US33 Cornell US45 Berkeley US54 Michigan US610 Wisconsin Madison US78 Washington US823 Minnesota US96 Pennsylvania US107 Texas Austin US1114 Columbia US12 CALTEC US1324 UCLA US1411

15. COMPARING RANKINGS (THE2) Universities20082009201020112012 Harvard US11 MIT US22 Cambridge UK33 Berkeley US45 Stanford US54 Oxford UK66 Princeton US77 Tokyo Japan88 Yale US910 CALTEC US1011 Imperial College UK1113 UCLA US129 Michigan US1312 Johns Hopkins US1418

16. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Harvard US12221 Oxford UK1045276 UCL UK201774619 Northwestern US3026247740 Paris 11 France40<200208<100 Utrecht Netherlands48/5068807471-80 Melbourne Australia6037317845 National Univ. Australia7038267151-60 Arizona US8095/971633871-80 Basel Switzerland89/9095/97151<100 Frankfurt Germany100<200182<100

17. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 2 (THE1) 1 (ARWU) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) CALTEC US16121310 Berkeley US1042154 Cornell US201315416 Tokyo Japan302125348 National Univ. Singapore40102-150288527 Peking China49/50201-30046<10043 Pittsburgh US59/60571163551-60 Vanderbilt US705213184<100 Lund Sweden80102-15086<10071-80 Dartmouth US90151-20099<100 Alberta Canada100102-15010062<100

18. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 3 (QS) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Cambridge UK156163 Columbia US10812 23 Edinburgh UK2053366445 Bristol UK307066<10081-90 HKUST Hong Kong40201-300628291-100 Warwick UK50151-200<200<100 Monash Australia60151-200178<100 Tohoku Japan7097132<10051-60 Utrecht Netherlands8048687471-80 KAIST Korea90201-30094<10091-100 Alberta Canada100102-15010062<100

19. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 4 (WEB) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 5 (THE2) MIT US13732 Pennsylvania US101416922 Texas A&M US209916415881-90 New York US302944 51-60 Southern California US404655<60071-80 Virginia US50102-150135126<100 Oregon US60102-150<400451-500<100 Nebraska Lincoln US70151-200<400401-450<100 Connecticut US80201-300<400365<100 Brigham Young US90301-400<400<600<100 Glasgow UK100151-20010259<100

20. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Universities 5 (THE2) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) Harvard US11222 CALTEC US106131213 Massachusetts Amherst US20102-1506425576 California San Diego US3015337736 Northwestern US4030262477 Osaka Japan508211945<100 Manchester UK61-70384829<100 Lund Sweden71-80102-1508086<100 Amsterdam Netherlands81-90102-150926399 HKUST Hong Kong91-100201-3006240<100 Vienna Austria91-100151-20013915581

21. COMPARING RANKINGS (ARWU) Universities20082009201020112012 Harvard US11111 Oxford UK10 UCL UK2221 2021 Northwestern US30 2930 Paris 11 France4943/44454037 Utrecht Netherlands47525050/4853/55 Melbourne Australia73/7575626057 National Univ. Australia5959/60 7064 Arizona US77/7877/79788079 Basel Switzerland878586/8790/8985 Frankfurt Germany101-150 100101-150

22. COMPARING RANKINGS (THE1) Universities20082009201020112012 CALTEC US21 Berkeley US810 Cornell US1420 Tokyo Japan2630 National Univ. Singapore3440 Peking China3749/50 Pittsburgh US6459/60 Vanderbilt US5170 Lund Sweden8980 Dartmouth US9990 Alberta Canada127100

23. COMPARING RANKINGS (QS) Universities20082009201020112012 Cambridge UK32112 Columbia US1011?1011 Edinburgh UK2320222021 Bristol UK3234273028 HKUST Hong Kong393540 33 Warwick UK6958535058 Monash Australia4745616061 Tohoku Japan112971027075/76 Utrecht Netherlands6770/71?8085 KAIST Korea9569?9063 Alberta Canada745978100108

24. COMPARING RANKINGS (WEB) Universities20082009201020112012 MIT US12 Pennsylvania US107 Texas A&M US2038 New York US3022 Southern California US4027 Virginia US5044 Oregon US6082 Nebraska Lincoln US70150 Connecticut US80151 Brigham Young US90154 Glasgow UK100131

25. COMPARING RANKINGS (THE2) Universities20082009201020112012 Harvard US11 CALTEC US1011 Massachusetts Amherst US2039/40 California San Diego US3036 Northwestern US4035 Osaka Japan5051-60 Manchester UK61-7051-60 Lund Sweden71-8081-90 Amsterdam Netherlands81-9071-80 HKUST Hong Kong91-10061-70 Vienna Austria91-100<100

26. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Against the other four rankings (based on top-14) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Lower rankings <100 01111 0,0%1,8% Lower rankings >100 3327353435 58,9%48,2%62,5%60,7%62,5% Lower rankings (total) 3328363536 58,9%50,0%64,3%62,5%64,3% Higher rankings 1521171514 26,8%37,5%30,3%26,8%25,0% Equal rankings 87366 14,3%12,5%5,4%10,7% Total rankings 56 100,0%

27. COMPARING RANKINGS (2011) Against the other four rankings (based on decades) 1 (ARWU) 2 (THE1) 3 (QS) 4 (WEB) 5 (THE2) Lower rankings <100 1213162613 27,3%29,5%36,4%59,1%29,5% Lower rankings >100 1510201517 34,1%22,7%45,5%34,1%38,7% Lower rankings (total) 2723364130 61,4%52,2%81,9%93,2%68,2% Higher rankings 16207313 36,3%45,5%15,8%6,8%29,5% Equal rankings 11101 2,3% 0,0%2,3% Total rankings 44 100,0%

28. MULTI-RANKING (OR BY-RANKING) INITIATIVES The rationale:  If we do not like or trust rankings, we need to create some rational alternatives in order to ensure transparency and comparability in a largely diversified higher education landscape throughout the world. Furthermore, these initiatives should have multi-dimensional characteristics, in contrary to the existing systems which are considered mono- dimensional.  Would they be new, more rational ranking methods? Or, would they be something else, something different? Classification or Mapping (or Typologie in French) = New, more neutral and harmless, names for rankings?  Multi-rankings are university rankings that use a greater number of indicators and usually they do not produce a league table. Instead, they present results of individual indicators or groups of indicators.

29. MULTI-RANKING (OR BY-RANKING) INITIATIVES Bologna Process In the Leuven Communiqué, (April 2009) for the first time an indirect reference to rankings by using the term “transparency tools” which should be based on the principles of quality assurance and which are supposed to be used in order to make the diversity of the European HEIs more transparent and to help them identify and compare their respective strengths. For the Leuven Communiqué see the official website of the European Higher Education Area: http://www.ehea.info

30. MULTI-RANKING (OR BY-RANKING) INITIATIVES European Commission Upon a call of the European Commission, the U-Multirank project has been initiated in June 2009, run by seven European partners. The project aims at the development of ranking systems which will be multi-dimensional and will reflect the diversity of higher education in Europe. In that sense, the U-Multirank project appears to be a by-ranking initiative offering an alternative to the mono-dimensional characteristics of the existing ranking systems. Details on the U-Multirank project can be found in its website: www.u-multirank.eu/projectwww.u-multirank.eu/project

31. MULTI-RANKING (OR BY-RANKING) INITIATIVES U-Map Classification of Universities A European higher education classification tool that reflects the variety of missions and profiles of European higher education institutions. The U-Map project has been funded by the European Union and is led by the Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies (CHEPS) of the University of Twente, the Netherlands. The final report of the project was published in January 2010: “U-Map: The European Classification of Higher Education Institutions” http://www.u-map.org/U-MAP_report.pdf OECD A new project: Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes (AHELO) http://www.oecd.org/edu/ahelo Experience from a similar exercise for basic education (PISA)

32. MULTI-RANKING (OR BY-RANKING) INITIATIVES EUA (European University Association) Transparency tools such as rankings or classifications cannot be used as a means of accountability or as a proxy for quality. They can only – at best – serve as a means of comparing universities and thus indicating their relative position in relation to other universities using certain indicators. Thus, they do not serve the same purpose as internal or external quality assurance which examine processes and outcomes with the aim of producing a judgement reflecting strengths and concerns to be addressed. (From the policy statement of EUA on quality and quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area, October 2010) http://www.eua.be/Libraries/Publications_homepage_list/EUA -QA-Policy-2010.sflb.ashx