4. The structure of a population depends on birth and death rates and also on migratory movements. It shows population according to age and gender at a point in time. You use these diagrams to study one country or to compare countries. You can detect the impact of events like wars, famines, migration or fertility and health programmes.

5. Figures are usually, but not always, in percentages to make for easier comparisons between countries OLD DEPENDANTS ECONOMICALLY ACTIVE YOUNG DEPENDANTS FEMALES To the right MALES To the left Population in Five Year Age bands

6. slope of pyramid indicates the death rate width of the base is related to birth rate/fertility rate proportions of men and women can suggest male or female migrations height of graph can indicate life expectancy (ignore the very thin end of the wedge as occurs on graph B as these people are a definite minority) "kinks" indicate dramatic reductions in birth rate or increases in death rate in the past area of graph indicates total population - compare areas of different population age groups or different sex on one graph The overall shape of the population pyramid can indicate whether it is an Economically More Developed Country or Economically Less Developed Country Economically More Developed Country Economically Less Developed Country

7. Read the book CORE HIGHER GEOGRAPHY, pages 200, 201 and 202. Make sure you understand what the captions for diagrams A,B and C are explaining. Define- in sentences- the terms in bold print on the last page, making sure that you quote the formula for the last one. You should be comfortable discussing more than one use of such diagrams!

12. You may be asked to discuss the problems highlighted by the trends seen in a pyramid. Read the CORE book again, page 202, 203. Read the bullet points. There are 7 questions on the next slides for each bullet point. Answer them in one (or two) sentences only.

13. 1. With the increase of old dependents, what FOUR categories will an MEDC government need to spend increasing amounts of money on? 2. As the numbers of older people increase, from what group will governments reduce funding ? 3. With a fall in the number of employed, what FOUR ways can a government increase the number of workers? 4. How can governments ease the shortage of economically active using non-UK resources? MEDC’s

14. 1. An MEDC government will need to spend more money on pensions, health care, housing and public transport. 2. Governments will reduce funding to education and children’s health care. 3. The FOUR ways can a government increase the number of workers include retirement delayed, get unemployed back to work, getting women to do all types of work and re-training. 4. Governments ease the shortage of economically active using non-UK resources by encouraging immigration. Answers MEDC’s

15. 5. In what areas will an LEDC government need to spend increasing amounts of money on with the increase of young dependents? (Why is this difficult?) 6. As the numbers of young people rise through the age-ranges, why will the population explosion get worse? What problems will need to be tackled by their already-burdened governments? 7. Once these youngsters reach old age, explain how the problem of supporting them will be worse for their governments than for MEDC ones. LEDC’s

16. 5. LEDC governments need to spend increasing amounts of money on education and healthcare. 6. The population explosion will get worse as the ‘children’ will have their own children by then. They will need the services not being met for their parents now. They need to tackle family planning. 7. Supporting them will be worse for their governments as there will be little money and few services yet even more people to cater for. Answers LEDC’s

20. Using Core Higher Geography page 225, complete question 3.

21. Stage 1 Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4 Both birth rates and death rates are high, so population growth rates are slow but population is usually restored due to high birth rate. Short life expectancy EXAMPLES Scotland before 1760 New Guinea Remote parts of Amazonia Population starts to grow at an exponential rate due to fall in Crude Death Rate. More living into middle age. Life expectancy rises Infant mortality rate falls. EXAMPLES Scotland 1760 - 1830 Republic of Congo Population continues to grow but at slower rate. Low C Death Rate. Dramatically declining Crude Birth Rate. EXAMPLES Scotland 1870 -1950 Algeria, Tunisia Morocco IMPLICATIONS Scotland today. Japan, USA Low Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate Higher dependency ratio and longer life expectancy Crude Death Rate does Rise slightly because of The ageing population EXAMPLES

22. Referring to a country or countries which you have studied, describe and account for the changes in population from the beginning of stage 2 to the end of stage 3. 8 marks Take a copy of the WIDER WORLD page 21, question 7 part bii.

30. Rural Scotland, areas with histories of rural depression and population decline that are now, once their age and sex structures are taken into account, showing positive natural increase with above average fertility and low mortality; Lothian and Aberdeen and their eastern Scottish hinterlands, cities now characterised by low mortality, high in migration, and very low fertility, helped by the high proportion of un-partnered adults, high housing costs, and higher than average numbers of women not only in employment but ‘employment focused’ (indicated by working over 37 hours per week); Greater Glasgow, which continues to suffer from very high levels of mortality, the highest in Scotland, Britain and much of Europe and high out migration, which combine with a low birth rate and low in migration to produce a situation of significant population decline. The Three Scotlands