1. DNA Biotechnology

2. Cloning A clone is a group of living organisms that come from one parent and are genetically identical Can occur naturally or artificially when manipulated by man.

3. Cloning Video

4. Examples of Natural Cloning include: Identical twins – one fertilized egg splits into 2 and each develops. Vegetative reproduction – starting a new plant from a cut piece of a plant Binary Fission - Microorganisms that reproduces by splitting in two ie. Bacteria, Paramecium,etc.

5. Cloning by Man Take an egg from the female and remove haploid nucleus Replace the nucleus with a diploid nucleus from the animal to be cloned Place the “fertilized” egg back into the female to develop as normal. The organism created is a clone.

6. Genetic Engineering Did you know that diabetic humans can get their insulin from BACTERIA? This ability is made available by Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering is the process of manipulating genes for human use.

7. Some definitions Restriction Enzyme - an enzyme that cuts a certain DNA sequence between specific nucleotides Recombinant DNA - the DNA formed when a section of DNA from one organism is cut out and spliced into the DNA of another organism Plasmid – a circular strand of (extra) DNA found in bacterial cells

8. Recombinant DNA Video

9. Using bacteria in Genetic Engineering The bacterial plasmid is used in this process. It will be cut and the gene for insulin will be inserted there. Normal Bacterial DNA

10. Steps in Genetic Engineering 1.Cut the desired gene (insulin) with restriction enzymes 2.Cut the plasmid of the bacteria with the same enzyme. 3.Add the desired gene to the plasmid

11. 4.Recombinant DNA is produced and inserted into the bacteria

12. 5.Bacteria now reproduce, making many copies of the insulin gene. 6.The insulin can be extracted and used for human use.

13. Gel Electrophoresis A technique that uses electricity in a gel to separate molecules by their size DNA is negatively charged, so the DNA moves towards the positive end of the gel (remember, opposites attract)

14. Gel Video

15. DNA fingerprint A DNA fingerprint is a photograph of the dark bands made when DNA fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis

16. Using DNA to Solve Crimes Video

17. The Human Genome Project

18. Using Gel Electrophoresis to see Evolution Organisms that have the largest number of matching bands on a gel are most closely related. In other words, chimps and humans would have more similar bands than zebras and humans