1. Influenza Causative Agent Orthomyxovirus Influenza A virus
Infulenza B virus
SS RNA virus
8 linear segments
Enveloped with spikes
H spike
N spikes

2. Signs and symptoms Acute symptoms decline within a week
Sudden high fever, pharyngitis, congestion, dry cough, headache and myalgia
Acute symptoms decline within a week
Cough, fatigue and generalized weakness may persist

3. Acquired through respiratory droplets
Attaches via hemagglutinin spikes
Induces phagocytosis and replicates inside cell

4. Mature viruses bud from host cell Infected cells die and slough off
Destroys muco-ciliary escalator
Host immunity quickly controls viral spread

5. New strains due to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mutations
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift
Avian flu (H5N1)
Swine flu (H1N1)

6. Epidemiology Outbreaks occur every year
About 200,000 cases with up to 40,000 deaths
Pandemics have higher than normal morbidity
infected ½ the world population with 40 million deaths

7. Critical Swine Flu prevention tip:
Don't DO this!

8. Prevention Treatment Vaccine New vaccine required every year
Antiviral medications
amantidine and rimantidine resistance common
Inhaled zanamivir mist or oral oseltamivir must be taken with in 48 hours
No aspirin for children!

9. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Most common childhood respiratory disease
Leading respiratory killer of infants
Pathogen
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Enveloped, -ssRNA Paramyxovirus

10. Signs and symptoms Fever, runny nose, and coughing
Wheezing and difficulty breathing may occur
Dusky skin tone
Leading cause of bronchiolitis in children under one
Some children develop croup
May lead to pneumonia if alveoli become involved

11. Epidemiology Transmission occurs via respiratory droplet
Highly contagious
Syncytia help viruses evade immune system
Great risk of secondary infection

12. Prevention Treatment No vaccine Aseptic technique
Isolation of infected individuals
Treatment
Typically only supportive care
Ribavirin in extreme cases
No Aspirin!

13. Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP)
Causative Agent
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Opportunistic fungus
Obligate parasite
Normal respiratory flora for many

14. Signs and Symptoms:
Difficulty breathing; mild anemia; hypoxia; and fever
Non-productive cough in some cases
In rare cases, extra pulmonary lesions develop in lymph nodes, spleen, liver and bone marrow

15. Acquired through respiratory droplets
In healthy individuals usually no symptoms
Life long immunity is conferred
Some may remain carriers for life
Fungus multiplies rapidly in immunocompromised patients and extensively colonizes lungs
Causes substantial damage

16. Epidemiology Worldwide distribution
75% of healthy children exposed by age five
Based on presence of antibodies
Disease limited to immunocompromised individuals
One of the diagnostic diseases of AIDS

17. Prevention Treatment Virtually impossible due to ubiquitous nature
oral or IV TMP-SMX (combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole)