1. Skeletal System Angelica Lieto Isabel Chu Brittany Santos Matt Costa

2. Functions of Bones Protection Protection Shape Shape Movement Movement Sound (hearing) Sound (hearing) Blood Production Blood Production Mineral Storage Mineral Storage

3. Functions of Bones (cont.) Growth Factor Storage Growth Factor Storage Fat Storage Fat Storage Acid-Base Balance Acid-Base Balance Detoxification Detoxification Endocrine Organ Endocrine Organ

4. Axial Skeleton Bones that form the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk Bones that form the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck and trunk Skull Skull Sternum Sternum Ribs Ribs Vertebral Column Vertebral Column

5. Appendicular Skeleton Bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton Bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton the upper extremities the upper extremities the lower extremities the lower extremities the shoulder girdle the shoulder girdle the pelvic girdle the pelvic girdle

6. Ossification Process The process in which cartilage is hardened into bone The process in which cartilage is hardened into bone 3 types: 3 types: Intramembranous Intramembranous Endochondral Endochondral Heterotopic Heterotopic Both very important to bone development !

7. Long Bone Have greater length and width and have different endings an a shaft Have greater length and width and have different endings an a shaft Somewhat curved for strength Somewhat curved for strength Top layer is connective tissue Top layer is connective tissue Next layer is compact bone Next layer is compact bone Next layer is spongy bone which has the bone marrow. Next layer is spongy bone which has the bone marrow.

9. Joint Articulation The place where two bones come together The place where two bones come together 3 types: 3 types: Immovable Joints Immovable Joints Suture in the skull between skull bones Suture in the skull between skull bones Slightly Movable Joints Slightly Movable Joints Movable Joints Movable Joints

10. Movable Joints Ball and Socket: can move in 360 degrees; hip and shoulder Ball and Socket: can move in 360 degrees; hip and shoulder Saddle: allow a wide range if movement; thumb Saddle: allow a wide range if movement; thumb Pivot: allow rotation; neck Pivot: allow rotation; neck

11. Movable Joints (cont.) Condyloid: allow angular motion but not rotation; bones in palm of hand, fingers, foot bones and toes Condyloid: allow angular motion but not rotation; bones in palm of hand, fingers, foot bones and toes Hinge: allows flexion and extension; elbow joints Hinge: allows flexion and extension; elbow joints Gliding: allow sliding or twisting without circular movement; wrist and ankles Gliding: allow sliding or twisting without circular movement; wrist and ankles

12. Osteoporosis Causes bones to become weak and brittle Causes bones to become weak and brittle Undetermined cause but they know that its a disruption in the normal bone remodeling process Undetermined cause but they know that its a disruption in the normal bone remodeling process Bones after age 30 start to break down faster then new bone is created Bones after age 30 start to break down faster then new bone is created

13. Osteoporosis Back Pain Back Pain Loss of Height Loss of Height Stooped Posture Stooped Posture Fracture of vertebra Fracture of vertebra Treatments: medications, hormone therapy and physical therapy Treatments: medications, hormone therapy and physical therapy

14. Fibrous dysplasia Bone disease that destroys and replaces normal bone with fibrous bone tissue Bone disease that destroys and replaces normal bone with fibrous bone tissue Caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce bone Caused by a gene mutation that affects the cells that produce bone Bone pain, difficulty walking, endocrine gland problems, fractures and skin discoloration Bone pain, difficulty walking, endocrine gland problems, fractures and skin discoloration There is no treatment for this but to treat the bones that are fractured or broken There is no treatment for this but to treat the bones that are fractured or broken

16. DMD- Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Rapid progression of muscle degeneration that affects voluntary muscles Rapid progression of muscle degeneration that affects voluntary muscles Effect males, but females can be carriers Effect males, but females can be carriers Cause: absence of Dystrophin Cause: absence of Dystrophin Weakness, muscle wasting, enlarged calves, skeletal deformities Weakness, muscle wasting, enlarged calves, skeletal deformities No known cures, but can treat symptoms- physical therapy, braces, wheelchairs, breathing assistance, and steroids No known cures, but can treat symptoms- physical therapy, braces, wheelchairs, breathing assistance, and steroids

18. New International eHealth Neuro- Musculo-Skeletal Physiome Project Companies have gotten together to research the bones and muscles of the body Companies have gotten together to research the bones and muscles of the body Latest research includes the grand challenges the multi-scale modelling of the musculoskeletal system poses, the creation of accurate patient-specific models from clinically available data, and the development of modelling methods to cope with the probabilistic nature of the neuromotor function. Latest research includes the grand challenges the multi-scale modelling of the musculoskeletal system poses, the creation of accurate patient-specific models from clinically available data, and the development of modelling methods to cope with the probabilistic nature of the neuromotor function.