1. Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) Module 26 Introduction to Motivation: Hunger James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2. Motivation  Motivation  a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior  Instinct  complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

3. Motivation  Drive-Reduction Theory  the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst)

4. Motivation  Homeostasis  tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state  regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level  Incentive  a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

5. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs  begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied  then higher-level safety needs become active  then psychological needs become active Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

6. Motivation-Hunger  Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

7. Motivation-Hunger  Glucose  the form of sugar that circulates in the blood  provides the major source of energy for body tissues  when its level is low, we feel hunger

8. Motivation-Hunger  Set Point  the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set  when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight  Basal Metabolic Rate  body’s base rate of energy expenditure

9. Motivation-Hunger  The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

10. Motivation-Hunger

11. Eating Disorders  Anorexia Nervosa  when a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve  usually an adolescent female  Bulimia Nervosa  disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

12. Anorexia Anorexia was identified and named in the 1870s, when it appeared among affluent, adolescent girls.

13. Obesity and Weight Control  Obesity and body mass index

14. Obesity and Weight Control  Obesity and mortality 18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9 Body-mass index (BM I) MenWomen 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Relative risk of death

15. Weight Discrimination  When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire Willingness to hire scale (from1: definitely not hire to 7: definitely hire ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 WomenMen NormalOverweight

16. Weight Control  Effects of a severe diet Caloric intake in calories per day Body weight in kilograms Metabolism: Oxygen consumption in liters per hour 3000 2000 1000 0 8 16 24 32 Days 165 160 155 150 145 140 Days 26 25 24 23 22 21 8 16 24 32

17. Weight Control  Trading risks

18. Weight Control  Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television 4 Hours of television watched per day in 1990s study BoysGirls 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 Skinfold fat measure (mm)

19. Weight Control  Most lost weight is regained -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 12345 Weight change in pounds Post treatment Years of follow-up Starting point Normal trend for untreated obese people: Gradually rising weight After participation in behavioral Program: Much of initial weight Loss regained