1. Biosynthesis of the Nutritionally Nonessential Amino Acids

2. BIOMEDICAL IMPORTANCE
Amino acids present in proteins
Amino acid deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Caloric intake & specific amino acids are deficient
Humans can synthesize 12 of the 20 common amino acids from the amphibolic intermediates

3. Amino acid requirements of humans

4. amino acids from Amphibolic intermediates Dietary amino acids
α-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate
3-phosphoglycerate
Dietary amino acids

5. The glutamate dehydrogenase
reaction

6. Formation of alanine by transamination
of pyruvate

7. The asparagine synthetase reaction

8. The glutamine synthetase reaction

9. Serine biosynthesis

10. Formation of glycine from choline

11. The serine hydroxymethyltransferase
reaction

12. Biosynthesis of proline from glutamate

13. Conversion of homocysteine
and serine to homoserine and cysteine

14. The phenylalanine hydroxylase reaction

15. The prolyl hydroxylase reaction

16. Selenocysteine (top) and the reaction
catalyzed by selenophosphate synthetase (bottom)

17. Selenocysteine-specific UGA codon
Selenocysteine insertion element

18. Catabolism of proteins
Urea synthesis

19. Partial reactions in the attachment of ubiquitin (UB) to proteins.

20. Overall flow of nitrogen in amino acid
catabolism

21. Transamination

22. Alanine aminotransferase (top) and
glutamate aminotransferase (bottom).

23. The L-glutamate dehydrogenase reaction

24. Oxidative deamination catalyzed by
L-amino acid oxidase

25. The glutamine synthase reaction

26. The glutaminase reaction

27. Reactions and intermediates of urea biosynthesis

28. METABOLIC DISORDERS Hyperammonemia Type 1. Hyperammonemia Type 2
Citrullinemia
argininosuccinate synthase
Argininosuccinicaciduria
Argininosuccinase
Hyperargininemia