1. Food Systems for Food Security On-Farm Supply Issues Hans H. Stein University of Illinois http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu

2. Current Research Energy and nutrient digestibility in pigs – Amino Acids – Minerals – Lipids – Carbohydrates (starch and fiber) Use of pigs as models for humans – Amino acids – Energy and fiber

4. 4 Ileal AA Digestibility

5. Amino Acid Nutrition in Humans H. H. Stein

6. Human Malnutrition Marasmus –E–Energy and protein deficiency Kwashiorkior –D–Deficiency of protein (quality or quantity) Goiter –I–Iodine deficiency Anemia –D–Deficiency of iron, vit. B 12, or folic acid

7. Kwashiorkor

8. Preparation of Casava

9. H. H. Stein Nutritional Value of Casava

10. Kwashiorkor

11. Protein Requirements Is a requirement for indispensable AA AA are needed for maintenance, growth, and milk protein synthesis Greatest requirement (as % of diet) in children, teenagers, and pregnant and lactating women No storage of excess AA – needed every day

12. Liebig’s Barrel

13. AA intake of 8 year old boy H. H. Stein 100 g rice + 55 g beans

14. AA intake of 8 year old boy - 100 g rice + 55 g soy flour H. H. Stein

16. Digestible Indispensable Amino Acids Scores (DIAAS) H. H. Stein DIAAS values indicate the first limiting AA in Food Proteins

17. First Peer Reviewed Publication

19. H. H. Stein Cervantes-Pahm et al., 2014 DIAAS in Cereal Grains (> 3 years)

20. H. H. Stein Unpublished, Univ. IL, 2014 DIAAS in Soy Proteins (> 3 years)

21. Current and Future Research DIAAS values in 4 dairy proteins and 4 plant proteins (Ongoing) Future: DIAAS values in 100 food proteins (in collaboration with 3 other Universities) Further refinement of systems for AA evaluation in humans

22. H. H. Stein Acknowledgement http://nutrition.ansci.illinois.edu