1. The Human Body – An Orientation Slide 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

2. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Figure 1.1

3. Anatomy – Levels of Study Slide 1.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4

4. Levels of Structural Organization Slide 1.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1

5. Organ System Overview Slide 1.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a

6. Organ System Overview Slide 1.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b

7. Organ System Overview Slide 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Figure 1.2c

8. Organ System Overview Slide 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d

9. Organ System Overview Slide 1.8 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism Figure 1.2e

10. Organ System Overview Slide 1.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f

11. Organ System Overview Slide 1.10 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

12. Organ System Overview Slide 1.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

13. Organ System Overview Slide 1.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

14. Organ System Overview Slide 1.13 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Figure 1.2j

15. Organ System Overview Slide 1.14 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

16. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintain Boundaries Movement Locomotion Movement of substances Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

17. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

18. Necessary Life Functions Slide 1.16b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reproduction Production of future generation Growth Increasing of cell size and number

19. Survival Needs Slide 1.17a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

20. Survival Needs Slide 1.17b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

21. Homeostasis Slide 1.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

22. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

23. Maintaining Homeostasis Slide 1.19b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

24. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

25. Feedback Mechanisms Slide 1.20b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

26. The Language of Anatomy Slide 1.21 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

27. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1

28. Orientation and Directional Terms Slide 1.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 1.1 (cont)

29. Body Landmarks Slide 1.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anterior Figure 1.5a

30. Body Landmarks Slide 1.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Posterior Figure 1.5b

31. Body Planes Slide 1.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.6

32. Body Cavities Slide 1.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.7

33. Abdominopelvic Quadrants Slide 1.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.8a

34. Abdominopelvic Regions Slide 1.29 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.8b

35. Abdominopelvic Major Organs Slide 1.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.8c