1. ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 1 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A The Human Body: An Orientation

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 1 Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Human Body – An Orientation  Anatomy  study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts  Physiology  study of how the body and its parts work or function

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy – Levels of Study  Gross Anatomy  Large structures  Easily observable  Has nothing to do with your stomach getting queasy

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 14.4 Anatomy – Levels of Study  Microscopic Anatomy  Very small structures  Can only be viewed with a microscope

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 2 Describe the levels of structural organization of the human body.

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Levels of Structural Organization 1.Atoms 2.Molecules 3.Cells 4.Tissue 5.Organ 6.Organ System 7.Organism

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 3 List the systems of the body, their major organs, and their functions.

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2a Organ System Overview  Integumentary  Forms the external body covering  Protects deeper tissue from injury  Synthesizes vitamin D from sunlight (prevents “cabin fever”)  Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Hair Nails

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2b Organ System Overview  Skeletal  Protects and supports body organs  Provides muscle attachment for movement  Site of blood cell formation  Stores minerals (calcium)

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2c Organ System Overview  Muscular  Allows locomotion  Maintains posture  Produces heat

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2d Organ System Overview  Nervous  Fast-acting control system  Responds to internal and external change  Activates muscles and glands

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2e Organ System Overview  Endocrine  Secretes regulatory hormones  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.2f Organ System Overview  Cardiovascular  Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart  Oxygen  Carbon dioxide  Nutrients  Wastes

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Lymphatic  Returns fluids to blood vessels  Disposes of debris  Involved in immunity Figure 1.2g

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Respiratory  Keeps blood supplied with oxygen  Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Digestive  Breaks down food  Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Urinary  Eliminates nitrogenous wastes  Maintains acid – base balance  Regulates water and electrolytes Figure 1.2j

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ System Overview  Reproductive  Production of offspring Figure 1.2k

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 4 List the characteristics of life and the survival needs of the body.

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Maintain Boundaries  Movement  Locomotion  Movement of substances  Responsiveness  Ability to sense changes and react  Digestion  Break-down and delivery of nutrients

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body  Production of energy  Making body structures  Excretion  Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Necessary Life Functions  Reproduction  Production of future generation  Growth  Increasing of cell size and number

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Nutrients  Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Oxygen  Required for chemical reactions

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Survival Needs  Water  60–80% of body weight  Provides for metabolic reaction  Stable body temperature  Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate (or else you could be crushed…or explode)

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives 5 & 6 5. Define homeostasis and give examples of homeostasis in action in our body. 6. Describe how negative and positive feedback are involved in normal body function.

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Homeostasis  Maintenance of a stable internal environment  A dynamic state of equilibrium (always changing…act of balancing)  Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life  Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

28. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Homeostasis Figure 1.4

29. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems  Receptor  Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)  Sends information to control center  Usually sense neurons

30. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Maintaining Homeostasis  Control center (brain, spinal cord)  Determines set point  Analyzes information  Determines appropriate response  Effector  Provides a means for response to the stimulus  Muscle or gland

31. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Negative feedback  Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms  Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity  Changes the direction of the response  Works like a household thermostat  Sweat – wants to cool off when warm  Shiver – warm up when cold

32. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Mechanisms  Positive feedback  Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther  Increases the original response  In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby

33. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objective 7 Use the proper directional terms used to describe body directions, surfaces, planes, cavities, and “anatomical position.”

34. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomical Position  Palms up  Thumbs out  Kind of uncomfortable to be in this position (normally we have our hands cupped, turned towards our sides.)  “Right” and “left” are the patient’s right and left…opposite as we look at them

35. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Language of Anatomy  Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding  Exact terms are used for:  Position  Direction  Regions  Structures

36. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1

37. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont)

38. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Proximal  Only used for limbs…closer to body  Distal  Away from the body. Only used for limbs  Superficial  Towards the surface of the body  Deep  Away from the surface

39. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Landmarks  Anterior Figure 1.5a

40. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Landmarks  Posterior Figure 1.5b

41. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Planes and Sections  Frontal  Cut into front and back halves  Transverse  “Sawing a woman in half” trick  Anywhere along the body  Median  Through midline (through belly button and nose)  Split into left and right halves

42. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Planes Figure 1.6

43. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dorsal - “back” Cranial and spinal cavity Ventral – “belly” -Thoracic cavity -Abdominopelvic cavity *Abdominal cavity *Pelvic Cavity Body Cavities Figure 1.7

44. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Figure 1.8a Quadrants

45. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Abdominopelvic Regions Figure 1.8b