1. What is bilirubin? What does it have to do with jaundice? Bilirubin is a protein-part that is left from the breakdown of hemoglobin by hepatocytes (liver cells). When it isn’t broken down, this yellow pigment builds up in the body, leading the yellowish discoloration that comes with jaundice. Biology Journal 12/9/2014

2. Biology Journal 12/4/2014 What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient? Why are they both “nutrients”? Left: a consumer- guide to healthy or “essential” nutrients. This definition may differ from the biological definition of essential nutrient.

3. Whiteboard Review

4. Make a drawing of the digestive tract. Label 8 structures and briefly annotate these with their function.

5. Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Gall Bladder Pancreas Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

6. 1. What is the word for red blood cells? 2. What is the word for liver cells? Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Hepatocytes (liver cells)

7. When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the ______ releases ______ in order to store the extra sugar. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the ______ releases ______ in order to raise it. This balancing of body levels is called ______.

8. When blood sugar is high, then the organ called the liver releases insulin in order to store the extra sugar. When blood sugar is low, the organ called the liver releases glucagon in order to raise it. This balancing of body levels is called homeostasis.

9. What is the function of the large intestine? The large intestine removes water from previously digested food. It does not absorb any nutrients. This already happens due to the small intestine.

10. State everything you know about vitamin D. It can only be made when skin is exposed to sunlight Vitamin D is used in the absorption of the minerals calcium and potassium Lack of vitamin D causes rickets and osteomalacia

11. What is peristalsis? Peristalsis is the involuntary contractions of the muscles surrounding the digestive tract. They keep food moving through like a tube of toothpaste.

12. What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? EnzymeSubstrateProduct

13. What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? EnzymeSubstrateProduct Amylase Endopeptidase Lipase

14. What are the 3 main kinds of hydrolytic enzymes secreted by the pancreas? What are the substrates and products of these enzymes? EnzymeSubstrateProduct AmylaseCarbohydratesSugars EndopeptidaseProteinsAmino Acids LipaseLipidsSmaller Lipids

15. State everything you know about cholesterol. It is a nonessential nutrient (your body can make it) It is a vital part of cell membranes Too much cholesterol is correlated with coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type II diabetes.

16. What makes something a dietary mineral as opposed to a vitamin? Minerals are elements. They are single atoms or ions. Vitamins are large, complex, organic molecules.

17. State everything you know about ascorbic acid. AKA vitamin C It’s essential (you’re body can’t make it, it has to eat it) Lack of it causes scurvy (yar!) It is a vitamin

18. Shown is a transverse micrograph of the small intestine. Identify these parts 4 3 2 1

19. Muscle circular and longitudinal muscle that does peristalsis Mucosa aka submucosa it’s dense in blood vessels to transport nutrients Epithelial Layer outermost absorptive layer “epi” = top Villus Increases surface area

20. 1.Blood enters the liver, right after going where? 2.How does the liver change the blood? 1.The blood goes to the small intestine, and absorbs any nutrients available, then goes to the liver. 2.The liver alters the concentration of many chemicals in the blood to maintain homeostasis. Glucose levels are regulated Lipid levels are regulated Toxins are removed

21. ? ? What are these cells called? What do they do? Phagocytic Kupffer cells do phagocytosis (engulf other cells) on old and dead red blood cells (mostly). They the recycle the iron and heme.

22. What is dietary fiber? Why is it good for you? Fiber is cellulose. We cannot break it down. It is good because: It can reduce calories in the diet It can reduce calories in the diet It increases absorption of other nutrients It increases absorption of other nutrients It decreases other digestive system diseases It decreases other digestive system diseases

23. 1.Hepatitis (liver damage caused by viruses, bacteria, or autoimmune) 2.Infancy (a baby’s liver isn’t fully functioning, or isn’t properly absorbing food, or has high erythrocyte turnover) 3.Chronic alcohol or drug abuse (damages the liver) 4.Liver cancer 5.Blocked bile duct (possibly from gall stones) What could be 3 things that cause the disease jaundice?

24. What’s the difference between an essential nutrient and a nonessential nutrient? You body cannot make essential nutrients. They must be obtained from your diet. Your body can make nonessential nutrients. Both are molecules that the body can’t live without.