1. DUTCH TRIG ® Preventative treatment of American elms against Dutch elm disease

2. dutchtrig.com Presentation setup: Dutch Elm Disease History and Goals Characteristics How does Dutch Trig ® work The injection Research and results

3. dutchtrig.com The problem: Dutch elm disease Himalayan origin (not Dutch..) Fungal infection, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Vascular wilt Infection from: Elm bark beetles Root grafts

4. dutchtrig.com History Dutch Trig ® 1980:Biological control using bacteria 1989:Discovery of Verticillium protective effect 1991:Development of the Tree injection tool 1992:Full registration in Europe 1995:Introduction USA 1998:Experimental Use Permit 2005:Fully EPA Registered

5. dutchtrig.com The goal Prevent elms from dying Reduce amount of chemicals used Treat large numbers

6. dutchtrig.com Basic requirements Biological Control Specialized application tool

7. dutchtrig.com The vaccine Verticillium spores in distilled water Common soil organism White variant of Verticillium albo-atrum Produced in the Netherlands

8. dutchtrig.com How it works (short version) Inject Dutch Trig Spores germinate Tree reacts Result: Induced resistance

9. dutchtrig.com Where does the vaccine go? Spacing: 4”

10. dutchtrig.com When is Dutch Trig ® effective On healthy elms in areas where DED prevails Injected on a yearly basis, on time application What endangers effectiveness Root grafts with diseased trees Injecting diseased trees

11. dutchtrig.com Why inject Use as little control agent as possible Closed injection system Use Bio-agent directly on targeted tree only Ensure direct uptake by tree Minimal wounding Speed of application

12. dutchtrig.com When and where to inject When:At 25% leaf expansion (May 1-10 th ) When tree is transpiring Before beetle infection occurs Where:At convenient breast height Every 4 inches circumference

13. dutchtrig.com How to inject Check for DED signs (on tree and in the area) Push chisel through the bark Pull the trigger once Twist the gun slightly sideways

14. dutchtrig.com Dutch Trig Tree injector

15. dutchtrig.com Efficacy study U. of Wisconsin Controlled Greenhouse Study Using ‘Ramets’ 4 treatment groups: Water (control) Dutch Trig Dutch elm disease Dutch Trig + Dutch elm disease 17 different clones 2 strains of DED 10 ramets per group

16. dutchtrig.com Tracking DED infection response 25% 0% 50% 75% 100% RametCuttingX-section DED Trace

17. dutchtrig.com Overall Results

18. dutchtrig.com Effect is Resistance dependant

19. dutchtrig.com The Hague

20. dutchtrig.com Denver

21. dutchtrig.com Efficacy in The Netherlands (35.000 elms yearly)

22. dutchtrig.com Ulmus americana U. procera U. hollandica U. carpinifolia U. pumila Malus spp. Castanea spp. Prunus serrata Aesculus hippocastanum Viburnum spp. Sorbus aucuparia Magnolia spp. Betula papyrifera Acer saccharum Quercus rubra Crataegus monogyna Acer macrophyllum Cornus nuttallii Prunus lusitanica Rhododendron spp. Fagus spp. Dutch Trig’s Pathogenicity

23. dutchtrig.com DED Control with Dutch Trig: + reduce losses (+/- 1%) + yearly check of elm by arborist + affordable + biological, non toxic + fast, safe, easy + active +/- yearly treatment - not effective against root graft infections -not curative -cooled transport

24. dutchtrig.com Dutch Trig ® A safe and easy to use biological tool to assist in protecting urban elm populations Midwest Distribution: More Info: www.dutchtrig.com