1. 1 Iteration

2. 2 Java looping  Options while do-while for  Allow programs to control how many times a statement list is executed

3. 3 Averaging  Problem Extract a list of positive numbers from standard input and produce their average  Numbers are one per line  A negative number acts as a sentinel to indicate that there are no more numbers to process  Observations Cannot supply sufficient code using just assignments and conditional constructs to solve the problem  Don’t how big of a list to process Need ability to repeat code as needed

4. 4 Averaging  Algorithm Prepare for processing Get first input While there is an input to process do {  Process current input  Get the next input } Perform final processing

5. 5 Averaging  Problem Extract a list of positive numbers from standard input and produce their average  Numbers are one per line  A negative number acts as a sentinel to indicate that there are no more numbers to process  Sample run Enter positive numbers one per line. Indicate end of list with a negative number. 4.5 0.5 1.3 Average 2.1

6. public class NumberAverage { // main(): application entry point public static void main(String[] args) { // set up the input // prompt user for values // get first value // process values one-by-one while (value >= 0) { // add value to running total // processed another value // prepare next iteration - get next value } // display result if (valuesProcessed > 0) // compute and display average else // indicate no average to display }

7. int valuesProcessed = 0; double valueSum = 0; // set up the input Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); // prompt user for values System.out.println("Enter positive numbers 1 per line.\n" + "Indicate end of the list with a negative number."); // get first value double value = stdin.nextDouble(); // process values one-by-one while (value >= 0) { valueSum += value; ++valuesProcessed; value = stdin.nextDouble(); } // display result if (valuesProcessed > 0) { double average = valueSum / valuesProcessed; System.out.println("Average: " + average); } else { System.out.println("No list to average"); } notice the format!

8. 8 While syntax and semantics Logical expression that determines whether Action is to be executed while ( Expression ) Action Action is either a single statement or a statement list within braces

9. 9 While semantics for averaging problem // process values one-by-one while ( value >= 0 ) { // add value to running total valueSum += value; // we processed another value ++valueProcessed; // prepare to iterate – get the next input value = stdin.nextDouble(); } Test expression is evaluated at the start of each iteration of the loop. If test expression is true, these statements are executed. Afterward, the test expression is reevaluated and the process repeats

10. 10 While Semantics Expression Action true false Expression is evaluated at the start of each iteration of the loop If Expression is true, Action is executed If Expression is false, program execution continues with next statement

11. 11 int valuesProcessed = 0; double valueSum = 0; double value = stdin.nextDouble(); while (value >= 0) { valueSum += value; ++valuesProcessed; value = stdin.nextDouble(); } if (valuesProcessed > 0) { double average = valueSum / valuesProcessed; System.out.println("Average: " + average); } else { System.out.println("No list to average"); } int valuesProcessed = 0; double valueSum = 0; double value = stdin.nextDouble(); while (value >= 0) { valueSum += value; ++valuesProcessed; value = stdin.nextDouble(); if (valuesProcessed > 0) { double average = valueSum / valuesProcessed; System.out.println("Average: " + average); Execution Trace Suppose input contains: 4.5 0.5 1.3 -1 0 valuesProcessed valueSum 0 value 4.5 Suppose input contains: 4.5 0.5 1.3 -1 4.5 1 Suppose input contains: 4.5 0.5 1.3 -1 0.5 5.0 2 1.3 6.3 Suppose input contains: 4.5 0.5 1.3 -1 3 Suppose input contains: 4.5 0.5 1.3 -1 average 2.1

12. 12 Converting text to strictly lowercase public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("Enter input to be converted:"); String converted = ""; String currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { String currentConversion = currentLine.toLowerCase(); converted += (currentConversion + "\n"); currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); } System.out.println("\nConversion is:\n" + converted); }

13. 13 Sample run A Ctrl+z was entered. It is the Windows escape sequence for indicating end-of-file An empty line was entered

14. 14 Program trace public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("Enter input to be converted:"); String converted = ""; String currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { String currentConversion = currentLine.toLowerCase(); converted += (currentConversion + "\n"); currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); } System.out.println("\nConversion is:\n" + converted); } public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("Enter input to be converted:"); String converted = ""; String currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { String currentConversion = currentLine.toLowerCase(); converted += (currentConversion + "\n"); currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); } System.out.println("\nConversion is:\n" + converted); }

15. 15 Program trace Representation of lower case conversion of current input line converted += (currentConversion + "\n"); The append assignment operator updates the representation of converted to include the current input line Newline character is needed because method nextLine() "strips" them from the input

16. 16 Converting text to strictly lowercase public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.println("Enter input to be converted:"); String converted = ""; String currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { String currentConversion = currentLine.toLowerCase(); converted += (currentConversion + "\n"); currentLine = stdin.nextLine(); } System.out.println("\nConversion is:\n" + converted); }

17. 17 All your base are belong to us  Flash animation Flash animation  Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_your_base_are_belong_to_us

18. 18 Loop design  Questions to consider in loop design and analysis What initialization is necessary for the loop’s test expression? What initialization is necessary for the loop’s processing? What causes the loop to terminate? What actions should the loop perform? What actions are necessary to prepare for the next iteration of the loop? What conditions are true and what conditions are false when the loop is terminated? When the loop completes what actions are need to prepare for subsequent program processing?

19. 19 Reading a file  Background Same Scanner class! Scanner fileIn = new Scanner (new File (filename) ); The File class allows access to files It’s in the java.io package filename is a String

20. 20 Reading a file  Class File Allows access to files (etc.) on a hard drive  Constructor File (String s) Opens the file with name s so that values can be extracted Name can be either an absolute pathname or a pathname relative to the current working folder

21. 21 Reading a file Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.print("Filename: "); String filename = stdin.nextLine(); Scanner fileIn = new Scanner (new File (filename)); String currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { System.out.println(currentLine); currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); } Scanner stdin = new Scanner (System.in); System.out.print("Filename: "); String filename = stdin.nextLine(); Scanner fileIn = new Scanner (new File (filename)); String currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { System.out.println(currentLine); currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); } Set up standard input streamDetermine file nameSet up file streamProcess lines one by oneGet first lineMake sure got a line to processDisplay current lineGet next lineMake sure got a line to process If not, loop is done Close the file stream

22. 22 The For Statement currentTerm = 1; for ( int i = 0; i < 5; ++i ) { System.out.println(currentTerm); currentTerm *= 2; } After each iteration of the body of the loop, the update expression is reevaluated The body of the loop iterates while the test expression is true int Initialization step is performed only once -- just prior to the first evaluation of the test expression The body of the loop displays the current term in the number series. It then determines what is to be the new current number in the series

23. ForExpr Action truefalse ForInit PostExpr Evaluated once at the beginning of the for statements's execution The ForExpr is evaluated at the start of each iteration of the loop If ForExpr is true, Action is executed After the Action has completed, the PostExpression is evaluated If ForExpr is false, program execution continues with next statement After evaluating the PostExpression, the next iteration of the loop starts

24. 24 for statement syntax Logical test expression that determines whether the action and update step are executed for ( ForInit ; ForExpression ; ForUpdate ) Action Update step is performed after the execution of the loop body Initialization step prepares for the first evaluation of the test expression The body of the loop iterates whenever the test expression evaluates to true

25. 25 for vs. while  A for statement is almost like a while statement for ( ForInit; ForExpression; ForUpdate ) Action is ALMOST the same as: ForInit; while ( ForExpression ) { Action; ForUpdate; }  This is not an absolute equivalence! We’ll see when they are different below

26. 26 Variable declaration  You can declare a variable in any block: while ( true ) { int n = 0; n++; System.out.println (n); } System.out.println (n); Variable n gets created (and initialized) each time Thus, println() always prints out 1 Variable n is not defined once while loop ends As n is not defined here, this causes an error

27. 27 Variable declaration  You can declare a variable in any block: if ( true ) { int n = 0; n++; System.out.println (n); } System.out.println (n); Only difference from last slide

28. 28 End of lecture on 1 November 2004

29. 29 System.out.println("i is " + i); } System.out.println("all done"); System.out.println("i is " + i); } System.out.println("all done"); i is 0 i is 1 i is 2 all done Execution Trace i 0 int i = 0;i < 3;++ifor () {int i = 0;i < 3;++i 123 Variable i has gone out of scope – it is local to the loop

30. 30 for vs. while  An example when a for loop can be directly translated into a while loop: int count; for ( count = 0; count < 10; count++ ) { System.out.println (count); }  Translates to: int count; count = 0; while (count < 10) { System.out.println (count); count++; }

31. 31 for vs. while  An example when a for loop CANNOT be directly translated into a while loop: for ( int count = 0; count < 10; count++ ) { System.out.println (count); }  Would translate as: int count = 0; while (count < 10) { System.out.println (count); count++; } count IS defined here count is NOT defined here only difference

32. 32 for loop indexing  Java (and C and C++) indexes everything from zero  Thus, a for loop like this: for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {... }  Will perform the action with i being value 0 through 9, but not 10  To do a for loop from 1 to 10, it would look like this: for ( int i = 1; i <= 10; i++ ) {... }

33. 33 Nested loops int m = 2; int n = 3; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { System.out.println("i is " + i); for (int j = 0; j < m; ++j) { System.out.println(" j is " + j); } i is 0 j is 0 j is 1 i is 1 j is 0 j is 1 i is 2 j is 0 j is 1

34. 34 Nested loops int m = 2; int n = 4; for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) { System.out.println("i is " + i); for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) { System.out.println(" j is " + j); } i is 0 i is 1 j is 0 i is 2 j is 0 j is 1 i is 3 j is 0 j is 1 j is 2

35. 35 The do-while statement  Syntax do Action while (Expression)  Semantics Execute Action If Expression is true then execute Action again Repeat this process until Expression evaluates to false  Action is either a single statement or a group of statements within braces Action true false Expression

36. 36 Picking off digits  Consider System.out.print("Enter a positive number: "); int number = stdin.nextInt(); do { int digit = number % 10; System.out.println(digit); number = number / 10; } while (number != 0);  Sample behavior Enter a positive number: 1129 9 2 1 1

37. 37 while vs. do-while  If the condition is false: while will not execute the action do-while will execute it once while ( false ) { System.out.println (“foo”); } do { System.out.println (“foo”); } while ( false ); never executed executed once

38. 38 while vs. do-while  A do-while statement can be translated into a while statement as follows: do { Action; } while ( WhileExpression );  can be translated into: boolean flag = true; while ( flag || WhileExpression ) { flag = false; Action; }

39. 39 End of lecture on 3 November 2004  We watched the Kerry concession speech and the Bush acceptance speech in class today, so after the announcements, we only got to about 20-25 minutes of actual lecture time

40. 40 A digression: Perl again  Consider the statement: if ( !flag ) {... } else {... }  Perl has a command unless : unless ( flag ) {... } else {... }  An unless command is a if statement with a negated condition  It can get a bit confusing, though The else of an unless…

41. 41 A digression: Perl again  Consider the statement: while ( !flag ) {... }  Perl has a command until : until ( flag ) {... }  An until command is a while loop with a negated condition  As most people are quite used to if-else and while, unless and until are rarely used

42. 42 Problem solving

43. 43 Data set manipulation  Often five values of particular interest Minimum Maximum Mean Standard deviation Size of data set  Let’s design a data set representation The data set represents a series of numbers Note that the numbers themselves are not remembered by the DataSet  Only properties of the set (average, minimum, etc.)

44. 44 Implication on facilitators  public double getMinimum() Returns the minimum value in the data set. If the data set is empty, then Double.NaN is returned, where Double.NaN is the Java double value representing the status not-a- number  public double getMaximum() Returns the maximum value in the data set. If the data set is empty, then Double.NaN is returned

45. 45 Implication on facilitators  public double getAverage() Returns the average value in the data set. If the data set is empty, then Double.NaN is returned  public double getStandardDeviation() Returns the standard deviation value of the data set. If the data set is empty, then Double.NaN is returned  Left to the interested student  public int getSize() Returns the number of values in the data set being represented

46. 46 Constructors  public DataSet() Initializes a representation of an empty data set  public DataSet(String s) Initializes the data set using the values from the file with name s  public DataSet(File filep) Initializes the data set using the values from the file represented by filep  Left to interested student

47. 47 Other methods  public void addValue(double x) Adds the value x to the data set being represented  public void clear() Sets the representation to that of an empty data set  public void load(String s) Adds the vales from the file with name s to the data set being represented  public void load(File filep) Adds the vales from the file represented by filep to the data set being represented  Left to interested student

48. 48 Instance variables  private int n Number of values in the data set being represented  private double minimumValue Minimum value in the data set being represented  private double maximumValue Maximum value in the data set being represented  private double xSum The sum of values in the data set being represented

49. 49 Example usage DataSet dataset = new DataSet("age.txt"); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Minimum: " + dataset.getMinimum()); System.out.println("Maximum: " + dataset.getMaximum()); System.out.println("Mean: " + dataset.getAverage()); System.out.println("Size: " + dataset.getSize()); System.out.println(); dataset.clear(); dataset.load("stature.txt"); System.out.println("Minimum: " + dataset.getMinimum()); System.out.println("Maximum: " + dataset.getMaximum()); System.out.println("Mean: " + dataset.getAverage()); System.out.println("Size: " + dataset.getSize()); System.out.println(); dataset.clear();

50. 50 Example usage dataset.load("foot-length.txt"); System.out.println("Minimum: " + dataset.getMinimum()); System.out.println("Maximum: " + dataset.getMaximum()); System.out.println("Mean: " + dataset.getAverage()); System.out.println("Size: " + dataset.getSize()); System.out.println(); dataset.clear(); System.out.println("Minimum: " + dataset.getMinimum()); System.out.println("Maximum: " + dataset.getMaximum()); System.out.println("Mean: " + dataset.getAverage()); System.out.println("Size: " + dataset.getSize()); System.out.println();

51. 51 Example usage

52. 52 Fractals

53. 53 Methods getMinimum() and getMaximum()  Straightforward implementations given correct setting of instance variables public double getMinimum() { return minimumValue; } public double getMaximum() { return maximumValue; }

54. 54 Method getSize()  Straightforward implementations given correct setting of instance variables public int getSize() { return n; }

55. 55 Method getAverage()  Need to take into account that data set might be empty public double getAverage() { if (n == 0) { return Double.NaN; } else { return xSum / n; } }

56. 56 DataSet constructors  Straightforward using clear() and load() public DataSet() { clear(); } public DataSet(String s) { load(s); }

57. 57 Facilitator clear() public void clear() { n = 0; xSum = 0; minimumValue = Double.NaN; maximumValue = Double.NaN; }

58. 58 Facilitator add() public void addValue(double x) { xSum += x; ++n; if (n == 1) { minimumValue = maximumValue = x; } else if (x < minimumValue) { minimumValue = x; } else if (x > maximumValue) { maximumValue = x; } }

59. 59 Facilitator load() public void load(String s) { // get a reader for the file Scanner fileIn = new Scanner (new File(s)); // add values one by one String currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); while (currentLine != null) { double x = Double.parseDouble(currentLine); addValue(x); currentLine = fileIn.nextLine(); } // close up file }