1. F ORECAST A CCURACY By: Agung Utama

2. I NTRODUCTION A forecast is never completely accurate, there will be always deviation from the actual demand. This difference between the foracast and the actual is the forecast error. Although forecast eror is inevitable, the objective of forecasting is that it be as slight as possible. There are different measures of forecast error, including: Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Absolute Percent Deviation (MAPD), Cummulative Error (CE), and Error Bias (E).

3. M EAN A BSOLUTE D EVIATION (MAD) MAD is an average of the difference between the forecast and actual demand, as computed by the following formula: MAD= Σ І Dt-Ft I n Where: t =The period number Dt= Demand in period t Ft = The forecast for period t n = The total number of periods I I = Absolute value The smaller the value of MAD, the more accurate the forecast, although viewed alone, MAD is difficult to assess.

4. C OMPUTATIONAL VALUES FOR MAD periodDemand (Dt) Forecast Ft (α = 0.30) Error (et) (Dt-Ft) I dt-Ft I 13737.00- 24037.003.00 34137.903.10 43738.83-1.831.83 54538.286.72 65040.299.69 74343.20-0.200.20 84743.143.86 95644.3011.70 105247.814.19 115549.065.94 125450.843.15 55749.3253.38

5. Using the data in the table, MAD is computed: MAD=ΣI Dt-Ft I n = 53l39 11 = 4.85

6. T HE M EAN A BSOLUTE P ERCENT D EVIATION Measures the absolute error as a percentage of demand rather than per period. As a result, it eliminates the problem of interpreting the measure of accuracy relative to the magnitude of the demand and forecast values, as MAD does. A lower percent deviation implies a more accurate forecast. MAPD = ΣI Dt-Ft I Σ Dt = 53.39 520 = 0.10 or 10%

7. C UMULATIVE E RROR Cumulative error is computed simply by summing the forecast errors, as shown in the formula: E =Σ e t A large positive value indicates that the forecast is probably consistently lower than the actual demand, or is biased low. The comulative eror based on the previuos data is simply computed as: E =Σ e t = 49.31

8. A VERAGE E RROR (B IAS ) It is computed by averaging the comulative error over the number of time periods The comulative error is interpreted similarly to the comulative error. A positive value indicates low bias, and a negative value indicates high bias. A value close to zero implies a lack of bias. The formula is: Ḗ =Σ e t n = 49.32 11 = 4.48

9. D ISCUSSION QUESTIONS Registration number for a marketing seminar over the past 10 weeks are shown below: a) Starting with week 2 and ending with week 11, forecast registrations using the naïve forecasting method. b) Starting with week 3 and ending with week 11, forecast registrations using a two-week moving average. Week12345678910 Registrations22212527352933374137

10. Demand for heart transplant surgery at RSCM has increased steadily in the past few years: The director of medical services predicted 6 years ago that demand in year 1 would be 41 surgeries. a) Use exponential smoothing, first with a smoothing constant of 0.6 and then with 1.9, to develop forecasts for years 2 through 6. b) Use MAD criterion, which of the two forecasting methods is best? Year123456 Heart Transplant 4550525658?

11. Given the following data, use least squares regression to derive a trend equation. What is your estimate of the demand in period 7? In period 12? Period123456 Number795111015