1. Forms of Government Athens & Sparta

2.  Ruled by a king or a monarch.  Rule is hereditary  Some claim divine right  Ex:  Mycenae- (1450 B.C.)  Athens

3.  Ruled by a small group of nobility  Rule is hereditary and based on land ownership  Social status and wealth support the rulers’ authority.  Ex:  Athens- (594 B.C.)

4.  Ruled by a small group of citizens  Rule is based on wealth  Ruling group controls military  Ex:  Sparta- (800-600 B.C.)

5.  Ruled by its citizens  Rule is based on citizenship  Majority rule decides vote  Ex:  Athens- (461 B.C.)

6.  Ruled by one person chosen by the people during times of crisis.  It is NOT for life!  Rule can be passed down and controlling groups exchange power.  A Tyranny is NOT necessarily an oppressive government!  Athens

7.  Military State due to the Messenians revolt in 600 B.C. They are ruled as an oligarchy.  Governed by two groups:  Assembly: Composed of all free adult males, elected officials. They voted on major issues  Council of Elders: proposed laws on which the Assembly voted. Five elected officials, ephors, carried out the laws passed.  Two kings ruled over Sparta’s military  Social Pyramid: Ruling Landowning Families Free noncitizen workers Helots Slaves

8.  Military:  Men started rigorous military training at age 7  They left home, lived in army barracks, and were fed meager meals.  At age 20 he was allowed to marry but still lived in the barracks for 10 more years  He remained on active duty for 30 more years  After age 60 Spartan men could retire from the military  Service to Sparta was put above all else

9.  Spartan Women:  Were very athletic, even though they did not receive military training  Managed family estates, had more rights than most other Greek city-states.

11.  Society  Citizens  Free noncitizens  Helots  Slaves  Spartan values:  Duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty, and freedom  Individual expression discouraged, so the arts were not valued.

13.  Government:  Democracy  Free adult MALES were citizens and were involved in the government  Power struggle between rich and poor, but civil war was avoided  Social rights:  Women were encouraged to rear children and stay out of public affairs and any intellectual life.

14.  Reforms  Solon: Political: Reformed Draco’s Code, ended debt slavery, all citizens could participate in the Assembly, citizens could be charges against wrongdoers Economic: Improved trade Problems: Neglected land reform which led to fighting between the rich and poor which leads to the tyranny of Pisistratus who earned the support of the rich but not the poor.

15.  Reforms:  Cleisthenes Political: Broke down the nobles powers, increased the power of the Assembly, created Council of 500 (members chosen by lot). Had to be a citizen to participate Only 1/5 of Athenians were citizens.

16.  Peloponnesian War  Athens vs. Sparta  Athens is leaving its’ Golden Age because: Pericles wanted to strengthen democracy, hold and strengthen the empire, and glorify ATHENS he used Delian League money to accomplish this. Athens (Delian League) and Sparta (Peloponnesian League) will go to war against each other.