1. Nutrition and Digestion Biology 20 Unit 1

2. Key Questions oHow does a single cell like a fertilized egg grow into an adult human being? oWhat is needed for this growth to occur? oHow do we obtain or produce these things?

3. Vertebrate Nutrition (Directions Ch. 9) o“...every living organism requires a constant supply of energy and molecules to build and repair itself and to maintain its life activities” oNutrients: any substance that is taken into the body’s cells to fulfill a vital function.

4. Nutrients 1.Macronutrients: nutrients that are required in large amounts (g/kg/day) a)Carbohydrates b)Proteins c)Fats and other Lipids d)Nucleic Acids 2.Micronutrients: required in small amounts (mg or  g/kg/day) a)Vitamins b)Minerals 3.Special Nutrient a) Water

5. Nutrients oNecessary vs. Essential Nutrients o Necessary Nutrients: nutrients that can be made by the body if they are lacking in the diet oEssential Nutrients: cannot be produced by the body, must be supplied from an external source

6. 1.Macronutrients: a)Carbohydrates oMajor source of energy for all of the bodies activities oC n H 2n O n ratio of one carbon atom to one water molecule o3 Major types of carbohydrates oMonosaccharides o Disaccharides o Polysaccharides

7. a)Carbohydrates oMonosaccharides : o simple sugars C 6 H 12 O 6 (***table 9.2***) FructoseGlucoseGalactose

8. a)Carbohydrates oDisaccharides odouble sugars (***table 9.2***) oMaltose (glu & glu) osucrose (glu & fru) olactose (glu & gal)

9. a)Carbohydrates oPolysaccharides: complex sugars olong chains of mono and disaccharides

10. b) Proteins oProteins perform a variety of important functions in the body. oThey are made up of long chains of amino acids othe configuration of these amino acids is very important in determining the function that a protein performs

11. b) Proteins oAmino acids are small molecules that are the building blocks of all proteins ocomposed of N, C, H, & O oHave an amino group and an acid group

12. b) Proteins oThere are 20 different amino acids that combine in different ways to produce a wide variety of proteins needed by the body oNecessary amino acids: o11 of the amino acids are able to be produced in the body if required oEssential amino acids oThe other 9 must be absorbed through digestion from the foods that we eat, these amino acids are called

13. b) Proteins oSome proteins act as enzymes, structures that speed up the rate of a reaction (catalysts), playing major roles in digestion oProteins are also important structural components of muscle, tendons, ligaments, bones and teeth

14. b) Proteins oEnzymes

15. b) Proteins oProteins found in the food that we eat are known as either complete or incomplete o Complete proteins: Contain all nine of the essential amino acids (a.a.) oExamples are meat fish, eggs, and dairy products o Incomplete proteins : lack one or more of the essential a.a. oExamples come from foods produced by plants

16. c) Fats and other Lipids oMore properly called triglycerides, fats and lipids provide important functions in the body o Energy storage/reservoir o Cushioning of vital organs o Insulation o Steroids o Phospholipids

17. c) Fats and other Lipids oTriglyceride is a 3 Carbon chain glycerol molecule with 3 fatty acids joined to it.

18. c) Fats and other Lipids oFatty acids are long chains of molecules that are joined together. (fig. 9.6 p.213) oSaturated: Every available bond on the Carbon atoms contain hydrogen atoms (Fig. 9.6) oUnsaturated: Places where hydrogen is missing

19. c) Fats and other Lipids

20. D) Nucleic Acids o Building Blocks of DNA o Specific order of bases codes for building everything that the cells/body needs o A Adenine o GGuanine o CCytosine o TThymine o U Uracil

21. a)Dehydration Synthesis oThe formation of long chains of carbohydrates or proteins or fats uses a process called Dehydration synthesis

22. Dehydration Synthesis

24. Hydrolysis o Splitting apart the subunits with water. o Carbohydrates o Proteins o Fats