1. Challenges in developing fuel quality roadmaps in countries with advanced roadmaps : The case of Thailand Ms.Mingquan Wichayarangsaridh Director of Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Director of Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau Pollution Control Department Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmentmingquan.b@pcd.go.th

2. 0 20 40 60 80 100 19881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001 PM-10 ( g/m 3 ) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Visibility (km) Roadside PM10Ambient PM10Visibility Current State and Trends of the Air Quality PM10 TSP Visibility Visibility Roadside PM10 Ambient PM10 Annual Standard 0.1 mg/m 3 Annual Standard 50 ug/m 3

3. Current State and Trends of the Air Quality CO O3O3O3O3 NO 2 SO 2

4. Fuel Consumption & New Vehicle Registered in BKK

5. Fuel Consumption in Thailand Regional Gasoline BKK Diesel Regional BKK Regional Gasohol BKK Regional Biodiesel

6. Clean Vehicle Technologies Appropriate Maintenance Clean Fuels Better Air Quality Transport & Land use Planning Elements of a Comprehensive Vehicle Pollution Control Strategy LowEmissions

7. Motivation For Fuel Quality Improvement n n Carbon monoxide (CO) n n Hydrocarbons (HC) n n Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) n n Particulate matter (PM) n n Sulfur (SO 2 ) n n Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) n n Greenhouse Gases n n Air Toxic Improved fuel qualities Improved air quality Environmental benefits Reduced emissions n Gasoline n Diesel n n Improved human health n n Reduced corrosion n n Improved crop yield n n Less acidification, eutrophication and forest damage n n Climate Change

8. Clean Fuels Gasoline Reformulation Lead Content Oxygen Content Benzene and Aromatic Contents Sulfur Content Diesel Reformulation 90% Volume Distilled Temperature Sulfur Content

9. Gasoline Reformulation Lead & Oxygen

10. Blood Pb Levels in School Children in Bangkok during 1993 and 2000 Percentage of School Children with Blood Pb Levels > 10  g/dl No Data Completely Phase-out Leaded Gasoline at the end of 1995 Blood Pb Levels in Traffic Policemen in Bangkok during 1995 - 2000 Pb

11. Gasoline Reformulation Benze ne Aroma tic Gasoho l EUR O 4 2010 : propose Sulfur Gasoho l Gasolin e

12. Diesel Reformu lation Sulfur Reduction EUR O 3 EUR O 4

13. “ Sulfur ” is the next “ Lead “ !!!

14. Sulfur in Fuels Required by Euro Emission Standards Low Sulfur Levels Are Key To Tighter New Vehicle Standards

15. a Entire country b Delhi and other cities; Euro 2 introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in 2001; Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be introduced in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad in 2005 C Beijing and Shanghai d Gasoline vehicles under consideration e for gasoline vehicles f for diesel vehicles Vehicle Emission (and fuel standards) in Asia

16. Gasoline Sulphur Level Trend:Current and Expected

17. Diesel Fuel Specifications Around The World

18. Alternative Fuel

19. Biodiesel Roadmap 9 ML/d Palm Plantation 10 M-Rai, R&D Palm and Others 05 07080910 1112 06 0.002 0.150.5 0.862.25 4.93 Export Community Based: Agriculture Phase I: BMR, South Phase II: NE, North, Central Phase III: over country Biodiesel Goal: B10 in 2012 (8.5 ML/day) B100, B20 reduce PM for 55% and18% (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, USA)

20. Road Map of NGV Present Status (May 14,06) 1.Total Number of NGV in Thailand 12,209 vehicles 1)Gasoline vehicle 11,070 vehicles 2)Diesel vehicle 1,136 vehicles 3)OEM NGV 3 vehicles 2. NGV Refueling Station 62 stations 3. Domestic sales 7.05 MMSCFD

21. Target Target year 2008 Gasoline replacement 10% Vehicle 139,000 vehicles Diesel replacement 13% Vehicle 161,000 vehicles NGV refueling station 420 station Target year 2010 Gasoline replacement 16% Vehicle 219,000 vehicles Diesel replacement 23% Vehicle 281,500 vehicles NGV refueling station 740 station

22. Within Year 2006, the CNG refueling station will be 160 stations following the highway road whole of Thailand. 2006 2010

23. Target of increasing CNG refueling station Region200520062007200820092010 Bangkok and central Eastern Northeastern Western/Southern Northern 47 4 5 - 133 8 6 11 2 203 15 18 16 267 33 54 24 42 312 38 104 79 87 372 43 114 99 112 Cumulative total60160270420620740 CNG refueling station for Ship -102025354545

24. Gasohol Fuel Road Map In year 2006, Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE) in gasoline octane 95 will be replaced by ethanol 1,000,000 L/day. In year 2011; ethanol should be used 3,000,000 L/day. –MTBE in gasoline octane 95 will be ban and replacement by ethanol 10 percent by volume. –Gasoline octane 91 will mix with ethanol 10 percent by volume.

25. Gasohol Policy and Planning 04 07 08091011 0506 Phase I MTBE replacement Phase II Gasohol Mandate Ethanol used 1,000,000 L/day Ethanol used 3,000,000 L/day

26. Challenges Ahead Improving air quality management VS Fuel Reformulation Local, national and international cooperation ; more involvement from relating organisations is needed From stretegy to real-world implementation Strategies need to be accompanied by sustainable incentive packages Action taken to tackle air pollution could also compensate benefits to all sections

27. Thank you for your Attention