1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings DAY 1 Why am I in this class? Is it hard? Who will I have to become to get an A in this class? What is critical thinking? What does THIS teacher want from us? How much work do I have to do?

2. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A FEW ANSWERS: Rules: Class begins at 8AM Sharp! Homework will be assigned and will be due on every lecture day. To receive points for your homework, it must be on my desk at 8AM sharp! There will be a quiz at the end of EVERY lecture. If you are not present, you will receive a zero! While in class (lecture or lab) you will wear your name tag. You will be a part of a lecture group and a lab group Certain assignments are individual, group or class projects You’re going to have a blast in this class!

3. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Let’s read the syllabus  What are the most important issues?

4. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Let’s Begin! What will we be studying in this class? How will we learn? Critical Thinking! Oh no! What is knowledge and how did humans acquire all of the knowledge that exists today? How can I do that too?

5. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Science What is science? Where did it come from? What is the value of taking this class? What grade do you expect to get in this class? Let’s explore this…I’ll ask you to write a statement.

6. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings I think, therefore I am What is philosophy? Critical Thinking MoreCritical ThinkingMore What is Life? The Scientific Method Optical Illusions How Your Brain WorksOptical IllusionsHow Your Brain Works

7. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings What will we learn in this class? Great question! 1. chemistry – electrons, protons, atoms, molecules and their interactions and products.Included will be concepts such as entropy, diffusion, osmosis, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, energy etc. 2. Cells – Cell theory is a primary concept in biology since it is believed that life is made of cells and all cells are ancestors of prior cells. Anatomy and physiology of cells and cell membranes. 3. DNA – The chemical formula and structure of DNA. DNA transcription, translation and reproduction. How proteins are made from DNA. 4. Genetics – How DNA is expressed. How traits are inherited. Normal and abnormal genetic expression, punnett squares. Darwin. 5. Evolution – How life began. From the first cell to millions of expressions of DNA in the form of organisms. Classification of all organisms. 6. Environments – ecosystems, organisms and the environment. Here we’ll conclude studies of the scientific method.

8. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings On to Biology What is biology? What is living? What is non-living? Can we live without the non-living?

9. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The phenomenon we call life – Defies a simple, one-sentence definition Figure 1.1 What do you see?

10. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some properties of life KNOW THIS! Figure 1.2 (c) Response to the environment (a) Order (d) Regulation (g) Reproduction (f) Growth and development (b) Evolutionary adaptation (e) Energy processing

11. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings From the biosphere to organisms KNOW THIS! Figure 1.3 1 The biosphere

12. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings From cells to molecules Cell 8 Cells 6 Organs and organ systems 7 Tissues 10 Molecules 9 Organelles 50 µm 10 µm 1 µm Atoms Figure 1.3

13. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Ecosystems KNOW THIS DEFINITION! Each organism – Interacts with its environment Both organism and environment – Are affected by the interactions between them – Don’t just let this very profound statement go through your conscious thought and just let go. – Ask yourself the question, “can I find an example of how the environment affects life”.

14. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ecosystem Dynamics The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes – Cycling of nutrients, in which materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil – The flow of energy from sunlight to producers to consumers

15. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy Conversion UNDERSTAND THIS CONCEPT Activities of life – Require organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source

16. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings – Often involves the transformation of one form of energy to another – Can you think of a system of energy exchange?

17. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Energy flows through an ecosystem – Usually entering as sunlight and exiting as heat Producers (plants and other photosynthetic organisms) Consumers (including animals) Sunlight Chemical energy Heat Ecosystem Figure 1.4

18. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Cells The cell KNOW THIS! – Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life 25 µm Figure 1.5

19. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Cell’s Heritable Information KNOW THIS! Cells contain chromosomes made partly of DNA, the substance of genes – Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring Egg cell Sperm cell Nuclei containing DNA Fertilized egg with DNA from both parents Embyro’s cells with copies of inherited DNA Offspring with traits inherited from both parents Figure 1.6

20. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The molecular structure of DNA – Accounts for it information-rich nature DNA Cell Nucleotide A C T A T A C C G G T A T A (b) Single strand of DNA. These geometric shapes and letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences of the four types of nucleotides (their names are abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G). (a) DNA double helix. This model shows each atom in a segment of DNA.Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides, a DNA molecule takes the three-dimensional form of a double helix. Figure 1.7 Nucleus

21. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Two Main Forms of Cells All cells share certain characteristics – They are all enclosed by a membrane – They all use DNA as genetic information There are two main forms of cells – Eukaryotic – Prokaryotic

22. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eukaryotic cells – Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles

23. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prokaryotic cells – Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells EUKARYOTIC CELL Membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus (contains DNA) 1 µm PROKARYOTIC CELL DNA (no nucleus) Membrane Figure 1.8

24. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.2: Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts A system KNOW THIS! Is a combination of components that form a more complex organization

25. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Emergent Properties of Systems Due to increasing complexity KNOW THIS! New properties emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order

26. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Power and Limitations of Reductionism Reductionism – Involves reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Can you think of an exam of reductionism?

27. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The study of DNA structure, an example of reductionism – Has led to further study of heredity, such as the Human Genome Project Figure 1.9

28. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems Biology KNOW THIS! Systems biology – Seeks to create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems With such models – Scientists will be able to predict how a change in one part of a system will affect the rest of the system

29. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings CELL Nucleus Cytoplasm Outer membrane and cell surface Figure 1.10

30. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Systems biology – Is now taking hold in the study of life at the cellular and molecular levels – Includes three key research developments: high-throughput technology, bioinformatics, and interdisciplinary research teams

31. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems A kind of supply-and-demand economy – Applies to some of the dynamics of biological systems. As a need arises, it is caused by a consumption. Such as getting hungry because you used all of your available energy.

32. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In feedback regulation KNOW THIS! – The output, or product, of a process regulates that very process

33. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In negative feedback KNOW THIS! – An accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product B A C D Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 3 D D D D D D D D DD C B A Negative feedback Figure 1.11

34. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In positive feedback KNOW THIS! – The end product speeds up production WW X Y Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z ZZ Z ZZ Z Z Z Y X Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Enzyme 4 Enzyme 5 Enzyme 6 Positive feedback Figure 1.12

35. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.3: Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species Diversity is a hallmark of life Figure 1.13

36. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Grouping Species: The Basic Idea Taxonomy KNOW THIS! – Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

37. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classifying life KNOW THIS! Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Mammalia Ursus ameri- canus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Chordata Animalia Eukarya Figure 1.14

38. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Three Domains of Life At the highest level, life is classified into three domains KNOW THIS! – Bacteria – Archaea – Eukarya

39. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea – Consist of prokaryotes Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes – Includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

40. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Life’s three domains Figure 1.15 100 µm 0.5 µm 4 µm Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are now divided among multiple kingdoms. Each of the rod-shaped structures in this photo is a bacterial cell. Protists (multiple kingdoms) are unicellular eukaryotes and their relatively simple multicellular relatives.Pictured here is an assortment of protists inhabiting pond water. Scientists are currently debating how to split the protists into several kingdoms that better represent evolution and diversity. Kingdom Plantae consists of multicellula eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to food. Many of the prokaryotes known as archaea live in Earth‘s extreme environments, such as salty lakes and boiling hot springs. Domain Archaea includes multiple kingdoms. The photo shows a colony composed of many cells. Kindom Fungi is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members, such as this mushroom, which absorb nutrientsafter decomposing organic material. Kindom Animalia consists of multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms. DOMAIN ARCHAEA

41. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Unity in the Diversity of Life KNOW THIS! As diverse as life is – There is also evidence of remarkable unity Cilia of Paramecium. The cilia of Paramecium propel the cell through pond water. Cross section of cilium, as viewed with an electron microscope 15 µm 1.0 µm 5 µm Cilia of windpipe cells. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by moving a film of debris-trapping mucus upward. Figure 1.16

42. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.4: Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity The history of life – Is a saga of a changing Earth billions of years old Figure 1.17

43. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings KNOW THIS! The evolutionary view of life – Came into sharp focus in 1859 when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection Figure 1.18

44. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Origin of Species articulated two main points – Descent with modification – Natural selection Figure 1.19

45. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural Selection Understand This Concept Darwin proposed natural selection – As the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments Population of organisms Hereditary variations Differences in reproductive success Evolution of adaptations in the population Overproduction and struggle for existence Figure 1.20

46. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Natural selection is the evolutionary process that occurs – When a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others 1 Populations with varied inherited traits 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits. 3 Reproduction of survivors. 4 Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. Figure 1.21

47. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The products of natural selection – Are often exquisite adaptations of organisms to the special circumstances of their way of life and their environment Figure 1.22

48. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Tree of Life Many related organisms – Have very similar anatomical features, adapted for their specific ways of life Such examples of kinship – Connect life’s “unity in diversity” to Darwin’s concept of “descent with modification”

49. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Darwin proposed that natural selection – Could enable an ancestral species to “split” into two or more descendant species, resulting in a “tree of life ” Large ground finch Small ground finch Geospiza magnirostris Seed eater Sharp-beaked ground finch Camarhynchus psitacula Green warbler finch Large tree finch Large cactus ground finch Ground finches Tree finches Insect eaters Bud eater Warbler finches Common ancestor from South American mainland Gray warbler finch Certhidea olivacea Certhidea fusca Geospiza difficilis Cactus flower eater Geospiza scandens Seed eater Geospiza conirostris Geospiza fortis Medium ground finch Geospiza fuliginosa Mangrove finch Cactospiza heliobates Cactospiza pallida Woodpecker finch Medium tree finch Camarhynchus pauper Small tree finch Vegetarian finch Camarhynchus parvulus Platyspiza crassirostris Cactus ground finch Figure 1.23

50. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Each species is on twig of a branching tree of life – Extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote All of life – Is connected through its long evolutionary history

51. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Science Concept 1.5: Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life At the heart of science is inquiry or a question – A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry – Discovery science – Hypothesis-based science

52. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Discovery Science KNOW THIS! Discovery science – Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

53. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Data Data – Are recorded observations – Can be quantitative or qualitative Figure 1.24

54. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Induction in Discovery Science KNOW THIS! In inductive reasoning – Scientists derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

55. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypothesis-Based Science KNOW THIS! In science, inquiry that asks specific questions – Usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses

56. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Role of Hypotheses in Inquiry In science, a hypothesis – Is a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial – Makes predictions that can be tested

57. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings We all use hypotheses in solving everyday problems Observations Questions Hypothesis # 1: Dead batteries Hypothesis # 2: Burnt-out bulb Prediction: Replacing batteries will fix problem Prediction: Replacing bulb will fix problem Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test prediction Test falsifies hypothesis Figure 1.25

58. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Deduction: The “If…then” Logic of Hypothesis-Based Science In deductive reasoning – The logic flows from the general to the specific If a hypothesis is correct – Then we can expect a particular outcome

59. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Closer Look at Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities – It must be testable – It must be falsifiable

60. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Myth of the Scientific Method The scientific method – Is an idealized process of inquiry Very few scientific inquiries – Adhere to the “textbook” scientific method

61. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In mimicry – A harmless species resembles a harmful species Flower fly (non-stinging) Honeybee (stinging) Figure 1.26 A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations

62. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings In this case study – Mimicry in king snakes is examined – The hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present Scarlet king snake Key Range of scarlet king snake Range of eastern color snake Eastern coral snake North Carolina South Carolina Figure 1.27

63. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes To test this mimicry hypothesis – Researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes, an experimental group resembling king snakes and a control group of plain brown snakes (a) Artificial king snake (b) Brown artificial snake that has been attackedFigure 1.28

64. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings After a given period of time – The researchers collected data that fit a key prediction Figure 1.29 In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on artificial king snakes Key % of attacks on artificial king snakes % of attacks on brown artificial snakes Field site with artificial snakes 17% 83% North Carolina South Carolina X X X X X X X X X X X X X X In areas where coral snakes were absent, most attacks were on artificial king snakes 84% 16% Key

65. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Designing Controlled Experiments Experiments must be designed to test – The effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables

66. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Limitations of Science Science cannot address supernatural phenomena – Because hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and experimental results must be repeatable

67. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Theories in Science A scientific theory – Is broad in scope – Generates new hypotheses – Is supported by a large body of evidence

68. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Model Building in Science Models of ideas, structures, and processes – Help us understand scientific phenomena and make predictions To lungs To body Right artium Right ventricle From lungs From body Figure 1.30

69. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Culture of Science Science is a social activity – Characterized by both cooperation and competition Figure 1.31

70. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Science, Technology, and Society Technology – Applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose Figure 1.32

71. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Concept 1.6: A set of themes connects the concepts of biology Underlying themes – Provide a framework for understanding biology

72. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings KNOW THIS! Eleven themes that unify biology Table 1.1