2. BLOOD

3. Functions of Blood Transportation – oxygen and carbon dioxide – nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes – heat Regulation – pH through buffer systems – body temperature – osmotic pressure within cells Protection – clot blood – Fight disease

4. Components of Blood Plasma = straw colored liquid portion – Water = 92% – Solutes – electrolytes, hormones, gases, etc. = 8% Formed Elements = Blood Cells – Erythrocytes – Leukocytes – Thrombocytes

5. Plasma and Serum Plasmapheresis: separates plasma from blood cells Plasmapheresis: separates plasma from blood cells Serum --when blood clotting factors are removed Serum --when blood clotting factors are removed

6. Hematopoiesis Production of blood cells occurs in red bone marrow From stem cells called Hemocytoblasts Erythropoietin produced in the kidneys starts new RBCs (see pg 372)

7. Erythrocytes (RBC’s) Carry Hemoglobin -- gives whole blood it’s red color Carry Hemoglobin -- gives whole blood it’s red color Have no nucleus Have no nucleus Live about 120 days Live about 120 days

8. Hemoglobin Heme = iron – contains 4 per globin –gives blood it’s color Globin = protein ( carries some CO 2 )

9. Leukocytes (WBC’s) main function protection from foreign particles main function protection from foreign particles Two Main Types: Two Main Types: Granulocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Agranulocytes

10. Granulocytes Neutrophils – Phagocytes – most numerous Eosinophils – Removes allergens, reduces inflammation, increase with virus Basophils – promotes inflammation by secreting histamines – Heparin to prevent blood clotting

11. Agranulocytes Lymphocytes – produce antibodies T and B cells) Monocytes – become Macrophages – Large “large eaters”

12. Thrombocytes (Platelets) Clot blood (hemostasis) and repair damaged blood vessels Clot blood (hemostasis) and repair damaged blood vessels life span of about 5 to 9 days life span of about 5 to 9 days

13. Hemostasis mechanism by which bleeding is stopped Three Basic Mechanisms – Vascular Spasms – Platelet Plug Formation – Coagulation (Clotting)

14. Vascular Spasm contraction of the smooth muscles in the vascular walls of a damaged blood vessel reflexes from pain receptors

15. Platelet Plug Formation Platelet Adhesion = platelets contact and stick to walls of damaged vessels Platelet Release Reaction = platelets extend projections and release content of their granules Platelet Aggregation = platelets gather in area of wound or injury forms a Platelet Plug to stop bleeding

16. Coagulation (Clotting) Several steps needed for process to work Intrinsic (within blood) Extrinsic (within tissues) forms a Clot = a network of fibrinogen(protein fibers) changes to fibrin

17. Coagulation Fibrinogen changed to fibrin

18. Thrombus and Embolus Thrombus: stationary clot Embolus: traveling clot – effects 4 organs – heart, lungs, brain and kidneys Clot may be blood, gas, fat, wastes, etc.

19. ABO Blood Typing each parent contributes antigens (agglutinogens), or lack of antigens to their offspring O + O = O blood type A + O and A + A = A blood type B + O and B + B = B blood type A + B = AB blood type

20. Rh Factor Rh Factor Presence or absence of Protein D on erythrocyte May effect – mother’s 2 nd pregnancy May cause Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

21. THE END OF BLOOD

24. bicuspid

26. bicuspid