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Gross Brain Overview: Part II Basic Neuroscience James H. Baños, Ph.D.
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Overview Organization Organization Morphology Morphology Developmental/Evolutionary Developmental/Evolutionary Cytoarchitectural Cytoarchitectural 3-D Orientation to Internal Structures 3-D Orientation to Internal Structures
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How do we organize and characterize different parts of the brain? How do we organize and characterize different parts of the brain?
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Morphology Morphology Developmental/Evolutionary Origins Developmental/Evolutionary Origins Cytoarchitecture Cytoarchitecture Function Function
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Morphology: External Features
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Frog Rat Cat Monkey Human What’s changing?
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Sulci - The “valleys” on the surface of the brain Sulci - The “valleys” on the surface of the brain Gyri - The “Hills” Gyri - The “Hills”
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The term “gyrus” is sometimes used broadly and doesn’t always refer to a single well-defined ridge on the surface of the brain. The distinctions between large gyri are sometimes better seen in coronal sections.
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Hemispheres Longitudinal Fissure
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Lobes Central (Rolandic) Sulcus Lateral (Sylvian) fissure Parieto-occipital fissure
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Lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Cingulate Gyrus “Limbic Lobe”
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Brain Stem Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Pons Medulla
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Cerebellum: Superior Aspect Ant 2 Hemispheres Vermis
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Cerebellum: Posterior Aspect Hemisphere Vermis Posterior Lobe Anterior Lobe Primary Fissure
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Cerebellum: Mid-Saggital Anterior Vermis Posterior Vermis
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Developmental and Evolutionary Origins: The “Cephalons”
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Developmental Origins Areas of the Brain can be characterized by the embryonic origins of the tissue. Nervous system begins as a tube that differentiates into three vessicles: Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombencephalon Three Vessicle Stage
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Developmental Origins Prosencephalon differentiates: Telencephalon -- beginnings of hemispheres Diencephalon Rhombencehphalon differentiates Metencephalon Meyelencephalon We use this terminology to describe the parts of the brain that develop from these vessicles Five Vessicle Stage
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Developmental Origins
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Organization Telencephalon Telencephalon Cortex Cortex Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Limbic System Limbic System Hippocampus Hippocampus
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Organization Diencephalon Diencephalon Thalamus Thalamus Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
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Organization Mesencephalon Mesencephalon Midbrain Midbrain
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Organization Metencephalon Metencephalon Cerebellum Cerebellum Pons Pons
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Organization Myelencephalon Myelencephalon Medulla Medulla
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Cytoarchitectural Organization
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Brodmann’s Areas
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Internal Structure
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Major Internal Structures Ventricular System Ventricular System Amygdala (helpful landmark) Amygdala (helpful landmark) Thalamus/Hypothalamus/brain stem Thalamus/Hypothalamus/brain stem Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Caudate Nucleus Caudate Nucleus Putamen Putamen Globus Pallidus Globus Pallidus Hippocampal formation Hippocampal formation Hippocampus Hippocampus Fimbria Fimbria Fornix Fornix Major white matter landmarks Major white matter landmarks Corpus callosum Corpus callosum Internal capsule Internal capsule
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Evolution and Development Frog Rat Cat Monkey Human
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Evolution and Development Frog Rat Cat Monkey Human ?
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Evolution and Development Ventricles Basal Ganglia Hippocampus
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Evolution and Development Why not the thalamus?
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The Ventricular System
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Ventricles Lateral Ventricles Third Ventricle Fourth Ventricle
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Ventricles Ventricles are connected (communicate) Ventricles are connected (communicate) Intraventricular Foramina (of Monroe) Intraventricular Foramina (of Monroe) Lateral Ventricles to Third Ventricle Lateral Ventricles to Third Ventricle Wide, oval hole Wide, oval hole Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius) Cerebral Aqueduct (of Sylvius) Third Ventricle to Fourth Third Ventricle to Fourth Long, thin channel Long, thin channel Foramen of Magendie Foramen of Magendie Median aperture -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space Median aperture -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space Foramina of Luschka Foramina of Luschka Lateral apertures -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space Lateral apertures -- Fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space
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Ventricles Foramen of Monroe Aqueduct of Sylvius Foramina of Luschka Foramen of Magendie
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Ventricles
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Choroid Plexus and CSF Choroid Plexus Choroid Plexus Spongy tissue located in the ventricles Spongy tissue located in the ventricles Rich capillary bed Rich capillary bed Pia Mater Pia Mater Choroid endothelial cells Choroid endothelial cells Produces CSF Produces CSF About.35 ml per minute About.35 ml per minute Total volume 70-120 ml Total volume 70-120 ml
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Choroid Plexus
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CSF Flow Lateral ventricles Lateral ventricles Foramina of Monroe Foramina of Monroe 3rd ventricle 3rd ventricle Aqueduct of Sylvius Aqueduct of Sylvius 4th Ventricle 4th Ventricle Foramen of Magendie/foramina of Lushka Foramen of Magendie/foramina of Lushka Subarachnoid Space Subarachnoid Space Arachnoid granulations (absorption) Arachnoid granulations (absorption) Superior sagittal sinus Superior sagittal sinus
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CSF Flow
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CSF Absorption CSF flows to the dorsal surface of the brain, where arachnoid granulations form a one-way valve and let the excess CSF enter the veinous drainage of the superior sagittal sinus CSF flows to the dorsal surface of the brain, where arachnoid granulations form a one-way valve and let the excess CSF enter the veinous drainage of the superior sagittal sinus
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CSF Absorption
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Arachnoid Granulations
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Ventricular System plus Amygdala
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Ventricular System plus Thalamus
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Ventricles, Brainstem, and Thalamus
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Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus Basal Ganglia Basal Ganglia Caudate Nucleus Caudate Nucleus Putamen Putamen Globus Pallidus Globus Pallidus Sometimes Amygdala Sometimes Amygdala
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Basal Ganglia -- Caudate Nucleus
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Basal Ganglia -- Putamen & Globus Pallidus
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Basal Ganglia
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Hippocampus Hippocampal formation Hippocampal formation Fimbria Fimbria Fornix Fornix Anterior Commissure Anterior Commissure Amygdala Amygdala
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Hippocampus
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Hippocampus
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Coming up… Circulation and Stroke Circulation and Stroke Development Development Spinal cord Spinal cord Basic Spinal Pathways Basic Spinal Pathways
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