2. The Cardiovascular System Pharmacology Ch. 12

3. The Cardiovascular System Heart Heart –Pumps the blood through the blood vessels Blood Vessels Blood Vessels –Carries the blood –Arteries and Veins Blood Blood –Carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones and waste products to and from the cells

4. Heart Central organ Central organ Located in chest cavity between the lungs Located in chest cavity between the lungs Large muscle that: Large muscle that: –Initiates systemic arterial pulse waves –Causes blood to circulate throughout body –To supply nutrients and oxygen Made up of three layers Made up of three layers –Endocardium –Myocardium –Epicardium Pericardium Pericardium –Protective membrane sac

5. How the Heart Works Right Side Right Side –Pumps blood from the body to the lungs Left Side Left Side –Pumps blood from the lungs to the body

6. The Four Chambers of the Heart Upper Chambers (Atria) Upper Chambers (Atria) –Receiving chambers  Left Atrium  Right Atrium Lower Chambers Lower Chambers –Pumping Chambers  Left Ventricle  Right Ventricle Septum-Separates the Left and Right Septum-Separates the Left and Right

7. Right Side Vena Cava Vena Cava –Superior –Inferior Right Atrium Right Atrium Right Ventricle Right Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Arteries Coronary arteries– supply heart with oxygen Coronary arteries– supply heart with oxygen

8. Right Side Cont. Atrioventricular Valve (AV) or Tricuspid Atrioventricular Valve (AV) or Tricuspid Semilunar Valve Semilunar Valve (SV) or Pulmonary

9. Left Side Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrium Left Ventricle Left Ventricle Aorta Aorta

10. Left Side Cont. AV AV –Mitral or Bicuspid SV SV –Aortic

11. Anatomy of the Heart

12. Blood Oxygenation

13. Cardiac Cycle Phase 1 Phase 1 –Systole –Contraction Phase 2 Phase 2 –Diastole-Relaxation Mummer Mummer

14. Cardiac Cycle Cont Sinoatrial Node (SA) Sinoatrial Node (SA) Atrioventricular Node (AV) Atrioventricular Node (AV)

15. Cardiac Cycle Cont. Normal Heart Rate = 60-80 Normal Heart Rate = 60-80 Sinus rhythm- Normal rhythm Sinus rhythm- Normal rhythm Bradycardia< 60 beats a minute Bradycardia< 60 beats a minute Tachycardia> 100 beats a minute-normal during exercise or stress. Tachycardia> 100 beats a minute-normal during exercise or stress.

16. Blood Vessels Arteries Arteries –Aorta –Arterioles Capillaries Capillaries –exchange oxygen and nutrients Veins Veins –Venules

18. Flow of Blood from the Heart Aorta Aorta Arteries Arteries Arterioles Arterioles Capillaries Capillaries Venules Venules Veins Veins Vena Cava Vena Cava Right Atrium Right Atrium Left Ventricle Left Ventricle Pulmonary Arteries Pulmonary Arteries Lungs Lungs Pulmonary Veins Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Atrium Left Ventricle Left Ventricle Aorta Aorta

19. Blood Pressure A measure of force that blood exerts against a vessel wall. A measure of force that blood exerts against a vessel wall. Controlled by the Controlled by the –Nervous System –Kidneys

20. Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (Ages 18 Years and Older) Blood Pressure Level Category Systolic Diastolic Systolic Diastolic Normal < 120 and < 80 Prehypertension 120-139 or 80-89 High Blood Pressure High Blood Pressure Stage 1 Hypertension 140–159 or 90–99 Stage 2 Hypertension 160 or 100

21. Blood The Two main functions The Two main functions –transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells –carry carbon dioxide and waste materials away from the cells. –carry carbon dioxide and waste materials away from the cells. Blood also transfers heat to the body surface and plays a role in defending the body against disease. Blood also transfers heat to the body surface and plays a role in defending the body against disease.

22. Blood Cont Plasma Plasma Blood Cells and Solids Blood Cells and Solids –RBC –WBC –Platelets

23. Blood Types

24. What is the most common blood type? The approximate distribution of blood types in the US population is as follows. Distribution may be different for specific racial and ethnic groups: O+ 38 percent O - 7 percent - Universal Donor A + 34 percent A - 6 percent B + 9 percent B - 2 percent AB + 3 percent Universal Recipient AB - 1 percent

26. The End!