1. LIVING IN THE ENVIRONMENT 17 TH MILLER/SPOOLMAN Chapter 12 Food, Soil, and Pest Management

2. Core Case Study: Organic Agriculture Is on the Rise Organic agriculture Crops grown without using synthetic _____________, synthetic inorganic ____________________, or genetically _____________________ seeds Animals grown without using _________________ or synthetic _____________________ Demand for organic agriculture _______________ between 2002 and 2008 pesticides fertilizers engineered antibiotics growth hormones doubled

3. Core Case Study: Organic Agriculture Is on the Rise But worldwide organic farming is practiced on less than _____ of the world’s cropland and only _______ of U.S. cropland In Australia and New Zealand, almost _____ of cultivated land is used for organic farming and in many European countries the range is between ___________ 1% 0.6% 1/3 6-18%

4. Fig. 12-1a, p. 277 Industrialized Agriculture Uses synthetic inorganic fertilizers and sewage sludge to supply plant nutrients Makes use of synthetic chemical pesticides Uses conventional and genetically modified seeds Depends on nonrenewable fossil fuels (mostly oil and natural gas) Produces significant air and water pollution and greenhouse gases Is globally export-oriented Uses antibiotics and growth hormones to produce meat and meat products Usually produces _________ yields Food usually costs ______ Environmental impact not included in pricing though! high less

5. Fig. 12-1b, p. 277 Organic Agriculture Emphasizes prevention of soil erosion and the use of organic fertilizers such as animal manure and compost, but no sewage sludge to help replace lost plant nutrients Employs crop rotation and biological pest control Uses no genetically modified seeds Reduces fossil fuel use and increases use of renewable energy such as solar and wind power for generating electricity Produces less air and water pollution and greenhouse gases Is regionally and locally oriented Uses no antibiotics or growth hormones to produce meat and meat products Better for the __________ and likely your business in the long-term environment

6. 12-1 What Is Food Security and Why Is It Difficult to Attain? Concept 12-1A Many people in less-developed countries have health problems from not getting enough food, while many people in more-developed countries have health problems from eating too much food. Concept 12-1B The greatest obstacles to providing enough food for everyone are poverty, political upheaval, corruption, war, and the harmful environmental effects of food production.

7. Many People Have Health Problems Because They Do Not Get Enough to Eat Food security All or most people in a country have daily access to enough nutritious food to lead _____________ and __________________ lives Food insecurity Chronic _______________ and __________ nutrition Root cause: _________________ Political upheaval, war, corruption, bad weather active healthy hunger poor poverty

8. Starving Children in Sudan Collect Ants Fig. 12-2, p. 279

9. Key Nutrients for a Healthy Human Life Table 12-1, p. 279

10. Many People Suffer from Chronic Hunger and Malnutrition (2) Chronic undernutrition = __________________ Chronic malnutrition = _________________ of protein and other key nutrients ___________ people in less-developed countries is chronically undernourished or malnourished Famine – severe ______________ of food in an area Drought, flooding, war, other catastrophes hunger deficiencies 1 of every 6 shortage

11. World Hunger Figure 15, Supplement 8

12. Many People Do No Get Enough Vitamins and Minerals Most often vitamin and mineral deficiencies in people in less-developed countries Iron - ___________________ Vitamin A - __________________ Iodine - __________________ Golden rice…genetically engineered rice that contains ________________ Anemia / hemorrhaging Blindness/death Goiters/brain damage Vitamin A

13. Woman with Goiter in Bangladesh Fig. 12-3, p. 280

14. Many People Have Health Problems from Eating Too Much Overnutrition Excess body fat from _______________ calories and not enough exercise Similar health problems to those who are underfed Lower life expectancy Greater susceptibility to _______________ and illness Lower productivity and life quality too many disease

15. 12-2 How Is Food Produced? Concept 12-2 We have used high-input industrialized agriculture and lower-input traditional methods to greatly increase supplies of food.

16. Food Production Has Increased Dramatically Three systems produce most of our food _____________________: (Grains) provide 77% of world’s food on 11% world’s land area _____________________, pastures, and feedlots: (Meat) provide 16% of the world’s food on 29% of world’s land area ______________________ and fisheries: provide 7% of the world’s food Three grain crops - wheat, rice, and corn – provide almost ___________ of the calories that the world consumes directly Croplands Rangelands Aquaculture half

17. Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures Since 1960, there has been a staggering increase in global food production… Increased use of farm machinery High-tech fishing equipment The development of irrigation – supplying water to crops by ______________________ means Other contributing factors are… The use of inorganic ____________________ fertilizers and pesticides The development of ___________________ grain varieties artificial chemical high-yield

18. Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures Food crops can be divided into two major types: Industrialized agriculture or ________________ agriculture Uses large equipment, fertilizers, large amounts of financial capital, much resources Produces single crops called _____________________ Focuses on increasing crop ________________ Subsistence agriculture (traditional) – self-sufficiency farming….just for your own ________________ High-input monocultures yield family

19. Heavy Equipment Used to Harvest Wheat in the United States Fig. 12-4, p. 281

20. How do you think industrialized agriculture violates the three principles of sustainability? Monocultures = not biodiversity Extra fertilizers/pesticides = affects nutrient cycles Heavy machinery = not reliance on solar energy

21. Industrialized Crop Production Relies on High-Input Monocultures A form of industrialized agriculture used primarily in less-developed, tropical areas is called __________________ farming Focuses on growing ____________________ to export to other countries Bananas Soybeans Sugarcane Coffee Palm oil plantation cash crops

22. Plantation Agriculture: Oil Palms on Borneo in Malaysia Fig. 12-5, p. 281

23. Case Study: Hydroponics: Growing Crops without Soil Hydroponics: growing plants in nutrient-rich water solutions ___________________ soil Advantages Grow indoors almost anywhere, year-round Grow in dense urban areas Recycle water and fertilizers Little or no need for pesticides No soil erosion without

24. Hydroponic Salad Greens Fig. 12-6, p. 282 Disadvantages Takes ______________ to establish Growers fear that this method requires much technical __________________ Could threaten the ___________ of companies that make farm equipment/pesticides… money knowledge profits

25. Traditional Agriculture Often Relies on Low-Input Polycultures (1) Traditional ___________________ agriculture Higher yields than subsistence farming through… More labor use of manure as ____________________ Increased _______________ Enough for your family and some for income intensive fertilizer water

26. Traditional Agriculture Often Relies on Low-Input Polycultures (2) Polyculture farming Growing _________________ crops at a time Less susceptible to pests, diseases, etc… Slash-and-burn agriculture Clear and burn small plots in _________________ forests Grow several crops at a time until the soil is ____________________ of nutrients Move onto new plots and start the process over again several tropical depleted

27. Review Questions! Differentiate between the following terms…. Undernutrition Malnutrition Overnutrition hunger deficiencies Too many calories

28. Review Questions! Identify characteristics of the following farming methods…. Industrialized agriculture Plantation agriculture Hydroponics Traditional subsistence agriculture Traditional intensive agriculture Polyculture Slash-and-burn High yield, machinery, fertilizers Cash crops Without soil For your family Your family + income Several crops at a time Rainforests…destroys soil