1. Introduction to Family Studies Cohabitation

2. Let ’ s begin with a definition of cohabitation: Cohabitation: The sharing of a household by unmarried individuals who have a sexual relationship Generally there are two types of cohabitation 1) Both partners plan to marry each other in the near future. 2) Cohabitation as alternative to marriage.

3. Cohabitation The Census Bureau refers to cohabitors as: Persons of Opposite Sex Sharing Living Quarters or POSSLQs

4. Number of Unmarried Couples who are Cohabiting Source: Bumpass & Sweet, 1989. McGraw-Hill College 8-2

5. Currently Cohabiting vs. Ever Cohabited Approximately 10 percent of women and 12 percent of men are currently cohabiting (Casper & Bianchi) This is the measure of cohabiting at a given point in time A larger proportion of people have ever cohabited More than 67 percent of marriages today are preceded by cohabitation (source, Kennedy & Bumpass, 2007) How can the current cohabitation rates be different by sex?

6. Cohabitation In 2000, Census Bureau estimates of cohabitation About 11 million people (5.5 million couples) living with an unmarried partner in the U.S. Of these: 9.7 million are unmarried different-sex partners and 1.2 million are unmarried same-sex partners Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census

7. Cohabitation Cohabiting couples have higher break up rates than married couples About ½ of cohabiting couples either break-up or marry within 1 year. 9 in 10 cohabiting couples marry within 5 years.

8. Cohabitation Couples who cohabit prior to marriage have a higher divorce rate than couples who did not cohabit This is the result of a selection effect, people who cohabit may be less traditional and more likely to divorce in general Thus, cohabiting does NOT CAUSE divorce

9. Selection Effect More traditional couple  Less traditional couple then cohabits then marries dates

10. Selection Effect  Think about how a more traditional couple might differ in their views of marriage or divorce compared to a less traditional couple?  In other words -- besides the fact that they cohabit or not – what differentiates these types of couples?

11. Cohabitation Cohabitation rates by religious group: Mormons 8.2% Protestants 20 - 24% Catholics23.1 % Jews 32.5% nonreligious 44.8 % Americans (Mims 1999)

12. Cohabitation  There are three different ways to conceive of cohabitation: 1) An alternative, but more intimate form of single life 2) A stage in the process of becoming married 3) A distinct arrangement unlike being single or married

13. Cohabitation Another big change associated with cohabitation is the increase in the cohabiting households “with children present” In 2003, 2 out of 5 opposite sex cohabiting partners had children from one or both partners 40% of births outside marriage to cohabitating couples Up from 1 out of 5 in 1978

14. Data on Cohabitation on the CDC http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/serie s/sr_23/sr23_022.pdf http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/serie s/sr_23/sr23_022.pdf

15. Cohabitation What are some of the reasons for the rise in cohabitation?  Feminism  Increase in female education  Increased employment opportunities for women  Career goals changed, more jobs opening to women.  Women’s increasing participation in the paid workforce means less economic need to depend on a man in marriage.

16. In sum: Because women have the potential for greater independence, they may be less willing to commit to a relationship, until they “try it out” Cohabitation

17. What are some of the reasons for the rise in cohabitation? 2) Sexual Revolution  Development of better contraceptive technologies  In other words, people could plan when to have children  This was a very revolutionary concept  More sexual permissiveness and along with that -- pre- marital sex has become more readily accepted

18. Cohabitation What are some of the reasons for the rise in cohabitation? 3) Major cultural shifts have occurred in U.S., thus our society in general has become  less religious  less bound by social conformity  more individual autonomy and greater freedom of choice People no longer do things just because “that’s the way it’s done”

19. Cohabitation Among what group of people in the U.S. did cohabitation first start?  Cohabitation began in the lower classes  then moved to middle classes  More advantageous for minorities and poorer whites with low economic status  Male income and employment is lower

20. Cohabitation  Male economic status is still an important determinant of ability to marry and why women want to marry him  Thus, marriage will be less likely if the male or couple is poor

21. Cohabitation  A second reason why cohabitation has been more common among the poor:  Many social programs will cut off benefits for people (particularly women) who marry –  Social Security  Alimony  Welfare  New Welfare reform laws have changed this – you no longer immediately lose benefits if you marry

22. Characteristics of Cohabitating Couples  Cohabitors more likely to have a woman who earns more money than man than married couples  Cohabitors have higher rates of being interracial than married couples  Cohabitors have higher rates of sexual frequency and are more likely break up if frequency is low (compared to married couples)  In sum – cohabitors are less traditional than married couples