1. The Oedipus Myth

2. Sophocles One of 3 Greek tragic playwrights One of 3 Greek tragic playwrights Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Euripides Sophocles, Aeschylus, and Euripides Wrote over 100 plays—7 remain Wrote over 100 plays—7 remain Entered in contests: one first at 28 Entered in contests: one first at 28 Won 1 st 20 times, never lower than 2 nd Won 1 st 20 times, never lower than 2 nd Added third actor (before only two on stage) Added third actor (before only two on stage) Wrote during the “Golden Age” in ancient Greece Wrote during the “Golden Age” in ancient Greece Plays always contain a moral lesson, usually a caution against pride and religious indifference Plays always contain a moral lesson, usually a caution against pride and religious indifference

3. Trilogy These three plays tell the story of Oedipus of Thebes and his family. These three plays tell the story of Oedipus of Thebes and his family. Oedipus the King Oedipus the King Oedipus at Colonus Oedipus at Colonus Antigone Antigone Greek audiences knew the story Greek audiences knew the story suspense came from their knowledge of things the characters did not know: dramatic irony. suspense came from their knowledge of things the characters did not know: dramatic irony. The audience pitied these characters The audience pitied these characters

4. How it began … King Laios and Queen Iocaste (Jocasta) of Thebes learned from an oracle that their newborn son would kill his father and marry his mother. King Laios and Queen Iocaste (Jocasta) of Thebes learned from an oracle that their newborn son would kill his father and marry his mother. gave their baby to a shepherd with orders to leave the infant to die gave their baby to a shepherd with orders to leave the infant to die the shepherd took pity on the baby the shepherd took pity on the baby childless king and queen of Corinth. They named him Oedipus, which means “swollen foot” or “club foot” childless king and queen of Corinth. They named him Oedipus, which means “swollen foot” or “club foot”

5. Oedipus as a young man… learned of the prediction and ran away from home to avoid such a terrible fate learned of the prediction and ran away from home to avoid such a terrible fate he encountered an arrogant old man who tried to run him off the road with his chariot he encountered an arrogant old man who tried to run him off the road with his chariot Oedipus continued his journey to the city of Thebes. Oedipus continued his journey to the city of Thebes.

6. The Sphinx a terrible monster with the wings of an eagle, the body of a lion, and the head of a woman a terrible monster with the wings of an eagle, the body of a lion, and the head of a woman This Sphinx had been menacing Thebes by lying in ambush for travelers and then challenging them to answer a riddle This Sphinx had been menacing Thebes by lying in ambush for travelers and then challenging them to answer a riddle So far, no one had been able to solve the riddle, which went like this: “What creature goes on four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and three legs in the evening?” So far, no one had been able to solve the riddle, which went like this: “What creature goes on four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and three legs in the evening?” Oedipus immediately guessed that the answer was “man”: He crawls on all fours as an infant, walks on two legs as an adult, and leans on a cane in old age. Upon hearing Oedipus’s answer, the defeated Sphinx leaped into the sea. Oedipus immediately guessed that the answer was “man”: He crawls on all fours as an infant, walks on two legs as an adult, and leans on a cane in old age. Upon hearing Oedipus’s answer, the defeated Sphinx leaped into the sea.

7. Arriving in Thebes the people welcomed him as their savior the people welcomed him as their savior Since Laios, their king, had recently been killed, they offered Oedipus the throne to the city of Thebes and the young widowed queen, Iocaste, as his bride Since Laios, their king, had recently been killed, they offered Oedipus the throne to the city of Thebes and the young widowed queen, Iocaste, as his bride Oedipus became king of Thebes, married Iocaste, and had four children with her: two sons, Polyneices and Eteocles; and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene. Oedipus became king of Thebes, married Iocaste, and had four children with her: two sons, Polyneices and Eteocles; and two daughters, Antigone and Ismene.

8. Learning the truth… All went well for many years until a plague struck Thebes All went well for many years until a plague struck Thebes The oracle warned that the plague would not end until Thebes had punished the murderer of King Laios, who lived among them undetected The oracle warned that the plague would not end until Thebes had punished the murderer of King Laios, who lived among them undetected he discovered that the man he had killed on the road years before was none other than King Laios he discovered that the man he had killed on the road years before was none other than King Laios he learned that he was not the son of the king and queen of Corinth, but rather the son of Laios and Iocaste he learned that he was not the son of the king and queen of Corinth, but rather the son of Laios and Iocaste

9. Fate fulfilled! Oedipus had in fact fulfilled the oracle—he had killed his father and married his mother. When Oedipus and Iocaste discovered this horrible truth, she killed herself and he gouged out his eyes to punish himself for having been blind to the truth Oedipus had in fact fulfilled the oracle—he had killed his father and married his mother. When Oedipus and Iocaste discovered this horrible truth, she killed herself and he gouged out his eyes to punish himself for having been blind to the truth

10. What then? Creon (Iocasta’s brother) took over as regent, or acting ruler, of Thebes Creon (Iocasta’s brother) took over as regent, or acting ruler, of Thebes after several years he decided to exile Oedipus after several years he decided to exile Oedipus Oedipus wandered the countryside as a beggar until he reached the sanctuary of Colonus Oedipus wandered the countryside as a beggar until he reached the sanctuary of Colonus

11. Brotherly Love Antigone returned to Thebes, where her two brothers had agreed to rule in alternate years Antigone returned to Thebes, where her two brothers had agreed to rule in alternate years Eteocles’ turn came first, but when it ended, he refused to give up the throne to Polyneices. Eteocles’ turn came first, but when it ended, he refused to give up the throne to Polyneices. Polyneices fled to the city of Argos, where he raised an army and attacked the seven gates of Thebes. Polyneices fled to the city of Argos, where he raised an army and attacked the seven gates of Thebes. The Thebans repulsed each assault, but in the course of the battle, Eteocles and Polyneices killed each other The Thebans repulsed each assault, but in the course of the battle, Eteocles and Polyneices killed each other

12. King Creon gave Eteocles, his ally, a hero’s burial gave Eteocles, his ally, a hero’s burial considered Polyneices as a traitor, so he decreed that his body be left unburied considered Polyneices as a traitor, so he decreed that his body be left unburied this was a terrible punishment; their holiest laws demanded that certain burial rites be performed, or else the soul of the dead person would be condemned to eternal unrest this was a terrible punishment; their holiest laws demanded that certain burial rites be performed, or else the soul of the dead person would be condemned to eternal unrest The play: this is the basis of Creon’s conflict with the strong-willed Antigone. As you will see in the drama, she believes that the gods’ laws must be obeyed, whatever the consequences The play: this is the basis of Creon’s conflict with the strong-willed Antigone. As you will see in the drama, she believes that the gods’ laws must be obeyed, whatever the consequences

13. Themes in Antigone The conflict in Antigone—individual conscience at odds with established authority—is eternally relevant. The conflict in Antigone—individual conscience at odds with established authority—is eternally relevant. When we know that those in power are morally wrong, do we break their laws, or do we collaborate with them by obeying? When we know that those in power are morally wrong, do we break their laws, or do we collaborate with them by obeying?